*Cited. 228 C. 758.
Cited. 8 CA 673.
Rule that where several courts have concurrent jurisdiction of the same offense, the court which first acquires jurisdiction of the prosecution generally retains it to the exclusion of the other courts, held to have limited application in criminal cases. 21 CS 246.
Secs. 54-1 and 54-1a. Criminal jurisdiction of trial justices; of Court of Common Pleas.
Sec. 54-1b. Arraignment of prisoner. Advice as to rights.
Sec. 54-1c. Admissibility of confession.
Sec. 54-1f. (Formerly Sec. 6-49). Arrest without warrant. Pursuit outside precincts.
Sec. 54-1h. (Formerly Sec. 6-49a). Arrest by complaint and summons for commission of misdemeanor.
Sec. 54-1l. Short title: Alvin W. Penn Racial Profiling Prohibition Act.
Sec. 54-1n. Complaint by victim of identity theft. Law enforcement agency's responsibilities.
Sec. 54-1o. Electronic recording of custodial interrogations.
Sec. 54-1p. Eyewitness identification procedures.
Sec. 54-1s. Racial Profiling Prohibition Project Advisory Board. Membership. Duties.
Sec. 54-2. Conviction and binding over by trial justice.
Sec. 54-2b. Transferred
Sec. 54-2c. Traffic violator need not appear in court, when. Schedule of fines established.
Sec. 54-2e. Issuance of rearrest warrant or capias for failure to appear.
Sec. 54-5. Transferred
Secs. 54-13 and 54-14. Transferred
Sec. 54-17. Transferred
Sec. 54-18. Transferred
Secs. 54-22 to 54-24. Transferred
Secs. 54-25 and 54-26. Release on recognizance. Witnesses in courts of other states.
Sec. 54-27. Transferred
Sec. 54-28. Transferred
Sec. 54-32. Transferred
Sec. 54-33. Search warrants for gambling and lottery implements.
Sec. 54-33b. Search of person.
Sec. 54-33c. Warrant application, affidavits, execution and return. Copies. Orders.
Sec. 54-33d. Interference with search.
Sec. 54-33e. Destruction of property.
Sec. 54-33f. Motion for return of unlawfully seized property and suppression as evidence.
Sec. 54-33i. “Journalist”, “news organization” and “news” defined.
Sec. 54-33j. Issuance of search warrant for property of journalist or news organization.
Sec. 54-33k. “Strip search” defined.
Sec. 54-33l. Strip searches. Procedure.
Sec. 54-33m. Failure to wear seat belt not probable cause for vehicle search.
Sec. 54-33n. Search of school lockers and property.
Sec. 54-33o. Search of vehicle stopped solely for a motor vehicle violation.
Sec. 54-33p. Restrictions on cannabis-related stop or search of a person or motor vehicle.
Secs. 54-34 and 54-35. Search of person. Condemnation of gambling implements, notice.
Sec. 54-36. Disposition of property held as evidence.
Sec. 54-36b. Examiner of seized property, appointment, duties.
Sec. 54-36c. Disposition of seized property on order of the examiner of seized property.
Sec. 54-36e. Firearms and ammunition to be turned over to state police. Sale at public auction.
Sec. 54-36f. Receipt for seized property to be given by law enforcement officials.
Sec. 54-36i. Drug assets forfeiture revolving account. Allocation of moneys.
Sec. 54-36n. Identification and tracing of seized and recovered firearms and ammunition.
Sec. 54-40. Transferred
Sec. 54-40a. Transferred
Sec. 54-41. Transferred
Secs. 54-1 and 54-1a. Criminal jurisdiction of trial justices; of Court of Common Pleas. Sections 54-1 and 54-1a are repealed.
(1949 Rev., S. 8721; 1955, S. 3319d; 1957, P.A. 522, S. 1; 1959, P.A. 28, S. 25, 204; 1961, P.A. 78; 352; 1963, P.A. 177; February, 1965, P.A. 331, S. 35; 1967, P.A. 152, S. 43; 549, S. 8; 630, S. 12; 1971, P.A. 72, S. 15; 870, S. 1; P.A., 74-183, S. 7, 291; P.A. 76-436, S. 515, 681.)
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Sec. 54-1b. Arraignment of prisoner. Advice as to rights. Any accused, when he is arraigned before the Superior Court, shall be advised by a judge that he has a right to counsel, that he has a right to refuse to make any statement and that any statement he makes may be introduced in evidence against him. Each such person shall be allowed a reasonable opportunity to consult counsel.
(1963, P.A. 126, S. 1; February, 1965, P.A. 185, S. 1; 436, S. 1; 1967, P.A. 549, S. 9; 656, S. 58; 1972, P.A. 69, S. 2; P.A. 74-183, S. 125, 291; P.A. 76-436, S. 516, 681; P.A. 80-313, S. 27.)
History: 1965 acts provided bond would cover appearance in court to which accused was bound over, allowed judge to release accused on his own recognizance and added provision setting forth exceptions to requirement re presentment of accused to first session of court; 1967 acts substituted criminal “term” for criminal “session” and, effective October 1, 1968, provided accused be advised of his rights at his arraignment rather than when he is put to plea, provided alternatives to bail and added concept of incapacity in provision re exceptions to requirement for presentment of accused at first session; 1972 act added Subdiv. (4) in exception to requirement that accused be presented at first session re persons accused of misdemeanor or offenses with lesser penalties as specified; P.A. 74-183 replaced circuit court with court of common pleas, reflecting reorganization of judicial system and deleted provision first added in 1965 and amended in 1967 and 1972 re exceptions to requirement for presentment at first session of court, effective December 31, 1974; P.A. 76-436 replaced court of common pleas with superior court, reflecting transfer of all trial jurisdiction to superior court and specified that accused persons who are not released on bond or on their written promise to appear are to be committed to commissioner of correction until next criminal term of court or until discharged, effective July 1, 1978; P.A. 80-313 deleted provisions detailing conditions of release on bond or promise to appear.
See Sec. 51-296 re designation of public defender for indigent defendant or codefendant.
See Sec. 54-1j re court advice re possible immigration and naturalization ramifications of guilty or nolo contendere plea.
See Sec. 54-94a re conditional plea of nolo contendere.
Prior to act, held that neither failure to warn defendant of his constitutional rights nor his lack of counsel required conclusion that his confession was involuntary. 150 C. 169. Cited. 154 C. 314, 324. Presentation before circuit court session next held in circuit where offense is alleged to have been committed means the regular session of the circuit court next to be held, excluding any session on day of arrest. 155 C. 134. Right to counsel not denied where defendant made no request for same even though defendant's attorneys, during period from his arrest to his arraignment, made repeated unsuccessful efforts to communicate with him. Id., 155. Defendant was warned of his rights prior to his plea being offered but not prior to conversation with his daughter in police barracks wherein he admitted he was guilty of crimes charged. 157 C. 25. Cited. 164 C. 402. Admission into evidence of custodial statements not violation of section. 167 C. 408. Cited. 187 C. 6; 195 C. 505; 198 C. 517; 201 C. 489; 236 C. 388.
Cited. 34 CA 261; 43 CA 209.
Cited. 39 CS 347.
Cited. 2 Conn. Cir. Ct. 573. Compliance by the state with the requirements of section in no way adversely affected defendant's right to claim that his rights were violated because the court refused to appoint counsel to represent him. 3 Conn. Cir. Ct. 624, 630. Motion to dismiss on ground constitutional right to counsel had been violated should be made prior to not guilty plea. 4 Conn. Cir. Ct. 166. Court could conclude from statements and conduct of defendant that he had effectively waived his rights. Id., 168. On-the-scene questioning of person in investigation of crime without prior warning not precluded since such person is not under restraint. Id., 195. Purpose and necessity of arraignment or presentment of accused are to fix his identity, inform him of his constitutional rights and the charge against him and give him an opportunity to plead; before arraignment, there is no issue pending to which accused can plead and entry of nolle prosequi before arraignment is not a final judgment from which an appeal lies. Id., 466. Cited. 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 35, 40. Collective statement of their rights to group of accused may be sufficient compliance with section but not as to defendants with linguistic difficulties or below average intelligence. Id., 178. Cited. Id., 243. Defendant waived his right to counsel where he had, for 6 months, obtained postponements on this ground. 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 58.
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Sec. 54-1c. Admissibility of confession. Any admission, confession or statement, written or oral, obtained from an accused person who has not been presented to the first session of the court, or on the day specified for arraignment under the provisions of section 54-1g, or who has not been informed of such person's rights as provided by section 54-1b or 54-64b, shall be inadmissible.
(1963, P.A. 126, S. 3; February, 1965, P.A. 436, S. 2; P.A. 76-336, S. 2; P.A. 80-313, S. 28; P.A. 03-19, S. 127.)
History: 1965 act added “or on the day specified in ... section 54-1b”; P.A. 76-336 substituted day “for arraignment under the provisions of section 54-63c” for day specified “in subdivision (1), (2) or (3) of section 54-1b”; P.A. 80-313 added reference to Sec. 54-64b and substituted reference to Sec. 54-1g for reference to Sec. 54-63c; P.A. 03-19 made technical changes, effective May 12, 2003.
Proof of voluntariness of confession prerequisite to its admissibility if made during illegal detention. 151 C. 246, see 371 U.S. 471. Cited. 154 C. 314, 321; 155 C. 124, 133. Confession inadmissible as defendant was not advised he could have a lawyer's services prior to interrogation and that he had right to stop answering questions at any time. 157 C. 384. Cited. 164 C. 402. Admission into evidence of custodial statements not violation of section. 167 C. 408. Cited. 187 C. 6. Exclusionary effects of this statute do not apply to violations of Sec. 54-63c. 195 C. 505. Cited. 236 C. 388; 240 C. 205. Section not applicable to suppress a statement that was elicited from accused before expiration of the first court session when his presentment still would have been timely; legislature's use of past tense in the phrase “has not been presented” evinces an intent that the violation of not presenting the accused person to the court in a timely manner already must have occurred when the statement is obtained in order for section to apply; section was intended to embody federal rules in effect when section was enacted in 1963. 317 C. 1.
Cited. 11 CA 238; 37 CA 252; judgment reversed, see 236 C. 388; 43 CA 209; 44 CA 162. Section renders inadmissible any admission, confession or statement given by an accused person who remains in state custody after the time at which he should have been presented in court; section does not invalidate all statements made by defendant prior to that time due to later, unrelated wrongdoing by the police in prolonging the period of his pre-presentment detention. 145 CA 547; judgment affirmed, see 317 C. 1.
Cited. 2 Conn. Cir. Ct. 573; 3 Conn. Cir. Ct. 346; 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 35, 40.
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Sec. 54-1d. Place of arraignment. Multiple arrest warrants. Multiple credit card and automated teller machine offenses. Identity theft and related offenses. Violation of order of protection by electronic or telephonic means. (a) For the purposes of this section, “geographical area” means the geographical area of the Superior Court established pursuant to section 51-348.
(b) Except as provided in subsections (d) and (e) of this section, defendants in criminal actions shall be presented for arraignment to:
(1) The court in the geographical area in which the crime was alleged to have been committed;
(2) If the arrest was by warrant, the court in the geographical area in which the crime was alleged to have been committed or in which the arrest was made; or
(3) If the arrest was by a warrant issued pursuant to section 53a-32 or for failure to appear as provided in section 53a-172 or 53a-173, the court in the geographical area in which the crime was alleged to have been committed or in which the arrest was made, or the superior court having jurisdiction over the underlying criminal prosecution.
(c) If the defendant was presented to the court in the geographical area in which the arrest was made for arraignment and was not released from custody after such arraignment, the defendant shall be presented to the court in the geographical area in which the crime was alleged to have been committed not later than the second court day following such arraignment. Except as provided in subsection (d) of this section, any defendant who has been presented to the court in accordance with this section and is the subject of one or more additional arrest warrants issued for crimes that were alleged to have been committed in one or more geographical areas, other than the geographical area in which the defendant is initially presented, shall subsequently be presented to the court in each geographical area in which such crimes were alleged to have been committed, in such order as the courts may determine, not later than the second court day following the prior arraignment. A criminal cause shall not fail on the ground that it has been submitted to a session of improper venue.
(d) Any defendant who is charged with multiple offenses under any provision of section 53a-127b or sections 53a-128a to 53a-128i, inclusive, where such offenses were alleged to have been committed in more than one geographical area, may be presented to the court in any one of such geographical areas. The court may consolidate all such offenses into a single criminal action and shall have jurisdiction over such action.
(e) Any defendant who is charged with a violation of section 53a-129a of the general statutes, revision of 1958, revised to January 1, 2003, section 53a-129b, 53a-129c, 53a-129d or 53a-129e, and any defendant who is charged with any other offense committed as a result of such violation may be presented to the court in the geographical area in which the person whose personal identifying information has been obtained and used by the defendant resides and may be prosecuted in such geographical area or judicial district.
(f) Any defendant who is charged with a violation of section 53a-223, 53a-223a or 53a-223b by means of electronic or telephonic communication may be presented to the court in the geographical area in which (1) the victim resides, (2) the victim received the communication, or (3) the communication was initiated. Such defendant may be prosecuted in any such geographical area or a corresponding judicial district.
(P.A. 74-183, S. 206, 291; P.A. 76-436, S. 517, 681; P.A. 80-313, S. 29; P.A. 95-105; P.A. 98-45; P.A. 03-156, S. 8; P.A. 05-152, S. 7; P.A. 06-152, S. 14; P.A. 09-239, S. 9; P.A. 12-114, S. 9.)
History: P.A. 76-436 replaced court of common pleas with superior court, reflecting transfer of all trial jurisdiction to superior court and substituted reference to Sec. 51-348 for reference to Sec. 51-156a, effective July 1, 1978; P.A. 80-313 deleted specific reference to superior court and rephrased protection for criminal causes submitted to session of improper venue; P.A. 95-105 authorized the defendant to be brought to the court in the geographical area in which the arrest was made for arraignment if the arrest was by warrant and added provision that if the defendant was brought to such court for arraignment and not released from custody, the defendant shall be presented to the court in the geographical area in which the crime was alleged to have been committed not later than the second court day following such arraignment; P.A. 98-45 designated existing provisions as Subsec. (a), added exception language and added new Subsec. (b) re consolidation of credit card and automated teller machine fraud offenses; P.A. 03-156 amended Subsec. (a) to add exception re Subsec. (c) and added new Subsec. (c) re place of presentment of defendant charged with identity theft or any other offense committed as a result of such violation; P.A. 05-152 amended Subsec. (a) by adding provision re arraignment at superior court having jurisdiction over underlying criminal prosecution if defendant is arrested on warrant issued pursuant to Sec. 53a-32 or for failure to appear as provided in Sec. 53a-172 or 53a-173 and by making technical changes; P.A. 06-152 added new Subsec. (a) defining “geographical area”, divided existing Subsec. (a) into new Subsecs. (b)(1), (2) and (3) and (c) and made technical and conforming changes therein, inserted “in which the crime was alleged to have been committed or” in said Subsec. (b)(2), inserted “the court in the geographical area in which the crime was alleged to have been committed or in which the arrest was made, or” in said Subsec. (b)(3), added provision re presentment of defendant who is the subject of additional arrest warrants in said Subsec. (c), redesignated existing Subsec. (b) as Subsec. (d) and made a conforming change therein, and redesignated existing Subsec. (c) as Subsec. (e), effective June 6, 2006; P.A. 09-239 amended Subsec. (e) by adding reference to Sec. 53a-129e and provision re prosecution in geographical area or judicial district; P.A. 12-114 added Subsec. (f) re place of presentment of defendant charged with violation of Sec. 53a-223, 53a-223a or 53a-223b by means of electronic or telephonic communication.
Cited. 187 C. 264.
Cited. 39 CS 347.
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Sec. 54-1e. Election of place of trial when venue is in the geographical area of Derby, Ansonia, Shelton, and Seymour. Section 54-1e is repealed.
(P.A. 75-578, S. 5; P.A. 76-436, S. 582, 681.)
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Sec. 54-1f. (Formerly Sec. 6-49). Arrest without warrant. Pursuit outside precincts. (a) For purposes of this section, the respective precinct or jurisdiction of a state marshal or judicial marshal shall be wherever such marshal is required to perform duties. Peace officers, as defined in subdivision (9) of section 53a-3, in their respective precincts, shall arrest, without previous complaint and warrant, any person for any offense in their jurisdiction, when the person is taken or apprehended in the act or on the speedy information of others, provided that no constable elected pursuant to the provisions of section 9-200 shall be considered a peace officer for the purposes of this subsection, unless the town in which such constable holds office provides, by ordinance, that constables shall be considered peace officers for the purposes of this subsection.
(b) Members of the Division of State Police within the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection or of any local police department or any chief inspector or inspector in the Division of Criminal Justice shall arrest, without previous complaint and warrant, any person who the officer has reasonable grounds to believe has committed or is committing a felony.
(c) Members of any local police department or the Office of State Capitol Police and constables and state marshals who are certified under the provisions of sections 7-294a to 7-294e, inclusive, and who perform criminal law enforcement duties, when in immediate pursuit of a person who may be arrested under the provisions of this section, except a person alleged to have violated only a municipal ordinance, are authorized to pursue such person outside of their respective precincts into any part of the state in order to effect the arrest. Such person may then be returned in the custody of such officer to the precinct in which the offense was committed.
(d) Any person arrested pursuant to this section shall be presented with reasonable promptness before proper authority.
(1949 Rev., S. 465; 1953, S. 195d; 1961, P.A. 239; 1971, P.A. 754; P.A. 75-567, S. 69, 80; P.A. 76-111, S. 3; P.A. 77-614, S. 486, 610; P.A. 80-313, S. 1; 80-394, S. 7, 13; P.A. 81-472, S. 93, 159; P.A. 83-518, S. 2; P.A. 84-302, S. 2; P.A. 89-129, S. 1, 2; P.A. 96-219, S. 10; P.A. 00-99, S. 6, 154; P.A. 01-195, S. 70, 181; P.A. 11-51, S. 134; P.A. 15-83, S. 1.)
History: 1961 act added provision authorizing members of local police departments to pursue suspects beyond their precincts and return suspects, when caught to precinct where offense was committed; 1971 act deleted the word “organized” as qualifier of references to local police departments; P.A. 75-567 substituted detectives in the division of criminal justice for county detectives; P.A. 76-111 replaced detectives with chief inspectors and inspectors of criminal justice division; P.A. 77-614 made state police department a division within the department of public safety, effective January 1, 1979; Sec. 6-49 transferred to Sec. 54-1f in 1979; P.A. 80-313 divided section into Subsecs. and substituted references to peace officers for detailed listing of persons to which provisions apply, i.e. sheriffs, inspectors, constables, etc.; P.A. 80-394 specified applicability to sheriffs, deputy sheriffs and special deputy sheriffs, adding provision re precinct or jurisdiction of deputies and special deputies; P.A. 81-472 amended Subsec. (a) to delete reference to special deputy sheriffs since such sheriffs are included in definition of peace officers; P.A. 83-518 amended Subsec. (a) providing that constables shall not be considered peace officers for purposes of Subsec. (a) unless town ordinance so provides; P.A. 84-302 permitted certified constables who perform criminal law enforcement duties to pursue offenders outside of their precincts; P.A. 89-129 amended provision in Subsec. (c) authorizing pursuit outside of precinct to include members of the office of state capitol security; P.A. 96-219 amended Subsec. (c) by changing the name of the “Office of State Capitol Security” to the “Office of State Capitol Police”; P.A. 00-99 amended Subsec. (a) by changing reference to deputy or special deputy sheriff to state marshal or judicial marshal and amended Subsec. (c) by deleting reference to sheriffs, deputy sheriffs and special deputy sheriffs and adding reference to state marshals, effective December 1, 2000; P.A. 01-195 made technical changes for purposes of gender neutrality in Subsec. (a), effective July 11, 2001; pursuant to P.A. 11-51, “Department of Public Safety” was changed editorially by the Revisors to “Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection” in Subsec. (b), effective July 1, 2011; P.A. 15-83 amended Subsec. (c) by adding exception re person alleged to have violated only a municipal ordinance and making technical changes.
See Sec. 6-43 re special deputies.
Annotations to former section 6-49:
Facts held insufficient to authorize arrest without warrant. 37 C. 32. Arrest being lawful, officer is presumed to have performed all subsequent duties. 51 C. 432–434. Extends common law rule. 84 C. 167. Owner of goods stolen or any other person may retake them and tender thief to justice. 97 C. 137. Thief resisting capture is guilty of breach of the peace and may be arrested by anyone. Id., 138. Right of police to arrest for offenses in their presence and to seize implements used in law breaking. Id., 545. When officer must act on his own knowledge. Id., 701. Facts held sufficient to authorize arrest without warrant. 101 C. 229. Any arrest without a warrant, except as authorized by statute, is illegal. 115 C. 282. Police officers while off duty or out of uniform are included within the coverage of section. 120 C. 101. Speedy information which justifies arrest is information that person arrested was guilty of crime or at least implicated in it. 131 C. 224. Officer may act on speedy information if he has reasonable ground to accept it as accurate. Id., 231. Fact that defendant not taken before proper magistrate not sufficient to exclude confession. 137 C. 183. Cited. 147 C. 194. Intention of officer in pursuing person admissible as a fact to be weighed with other circumstances. 148 C. 27. An accused is lawfully taken or apprehended in the act if circumstances observed by officer preceding the arrest, viewed in light of common knowledge and his own training and experience, gave him probable cause to believe that a crime was being, or had just been, committed; evidence seized cannot be used to sustain validity of arrest. 149 C. 567. Illegal arrest and detention does not automatically render inadmissible confessions made after the arrest or during the period of detention. 150 C. 169. Officer entitled to exert force where grounds for “reasonable belief” are present. 151 C. 402. Person need not submit to unlawful arrest. 152 C. 296. In determining the validity of an arrest made without a warrant, “reasonable grounds” is to be equated with probable cause. 153 C. 41. Probable cause exists when the arresting officer has reasonably trustworthy information sufficient to believe a felony had been committed by the accused. Id., 42. Arrest made on strength of officer's own observation would be legal only if the circumstances he observed, when taken in connection with those before observed by him when weighed in the light of common knowledge, gave him probable reason or ground to believe that such a crime was being, or was about to be, committed. Id., 69, 70. Accused is lawfully taken or apprehended in the act if the circumstances observed by the arresting officer, viewed in light of common knowledge and his own training and experience, gave him probable cause to believe a crime was being, or had just been, committed; amount of evidence necessary to furnish probable cause for an arrest without a warrant is to be measured by facts of particular case and need not be evidence sufficient to convict; a reasonable search incident to a lawful arrest is not unlawful even though made without a warrant; a lawful entry is necessarily an essential element of a reasonable search of a dwelling. Id., 152. A police officer may make a reasonable search before or after an arrest without a warrant if the circumstances justified the arrest and the search was incidental to the arrest. Id., 154. Where larceny which constituted a misdemeanor was committed in New London and defendants were apprehended in Hartford by Hartford police, held that, since larceny is a continuing crime, defendants, if transportation of the merchandise was with a continuous felonious intent, were committing larceny in Hartford and defendants' claim that arrest or search without a warrant was illegal must fail. Id., 217, 218. Member of an organized local police department is authorized to arrest, without previous complaint and warrant, any person who officer has reasonable grounds to believe has committed or is committing a felony and may conduct a search incident thereto without a warrant. 155 C. 385. A legal arrest may be made without a warrant when defendant was apprehended just after his sale of drugs to an informer under police surveillance of the transaction and his person could be searched incidentally to such arrest. Id., 516. Police lieutenant's arrest of defendant on speedy information was clearly justifiable when defendant was sitting armed in his car at night with narcotics on his person. 157 C. 114. Arrest for misdemeanor of breach of the peace on speedy information of others by police was proper; search of car in which defendant was sitting made without warrant was lawful. Id., 222. Arrest of defendant for assault committed in officer's presence was lawful and search of trunk of defendant's car was lawful incident to the arrest. Id., 351. Officer's arresting defendant for disorderly conduct was proper and search incidental thereto of person was legal. Id., 485. Arrest of defendant operating stolen car could be made without warrant on grounds that he was apprehended in act and upon speedy information where arresting officer had been informed by police barracks car was a stolen car. 159 C. 201. Arrest permitted without warrant when person is “taken or apprehended in the act” if preceding arrest, circumstances in light of officers training and experience gave him probable cause for such arrest. 160 C. 140. An informant's tip as to description and location of criminal suspect and his truck having proved true was justifiable basis for arrest under statute. 161 C. 117. Cited. 163 C. 186. Felony provision cited. 171 C. 105. Cited. 174 C. 153; Id., 452; 178 C. 427; 183 C. 386; 220 C. 307.
Cited. 22 CS 6. An arrest by a police officer without a warrant is ground for an action for false imprisonment unless the arrest is authorized by section. Id., 311. Cited. 24 CS 32. Where offenses committed by defendant and with which he is charged occurred within the hour prior to his arrest, officer acted speedily on information he had obtained. 25 CS 108. If search is incident to arrest, no warrant is needed. Id., 216. Discussion of facts which constitute acting on speedy information or on reasonable belief that a felony has been committed or is being committed; no need for issuance of warrant for seizure of articles which are taken incidental to lawful arrest. 26 CS 297. Cited. 28 CS 313. “Speedy information” requirement was in derogation of common law re felonies; additional clause re felonies, added in 1945, is declaratory of common law. 34 CS 531. Modern trend prohibits warrantless entry to home to make an arrest unless there are exigent circumstances. Id., 539.
Arrest made hour after officer saw crime committed satisfied requirement of acting on “speedy information”. 2 Conn. Cir. Ct. 247. Cited. Id., 467. Arrest without a warrant not unlawful merely because pursuit of defendant by Orange police officer was interrupted when defendant temporarily succeeded in eluding officer. 3 Conn. Cir. Ct. 42. Arrest made without warrant on “speedy information” of informer who purchased liquor sold by defendant illegally, made within half hour after sale, held lawful. 4 Conn. Cir. Ct. 125. Cited. Id., 533. Officers would have been justified in arresting defendants for bookmaking when telephone calls and other evidence of their illegal activity occurred in presence of officers who had entered house with search warrant, even if warrant had been illegal. Id., 603. Acting on speedy information defendant was committing crime of lascivious carriage, police officers rightfully entered her apartment building and observed her conduct from fire escape of apartment; police officers investigating a crime on speedy information who enter a building are licensees. 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 35. Statute provides a less strict standard for arrests without a warrant for felonies provided they are made by members of an organized local police department. Id., 44, 50. Defendant's arrest by police officer who observed him in telephone booth, taking house bets on slips of paper officer could read, was properly made without warrant and reasonable search could be made on such arrest. Id., 51. Member of Derby police department was justified in arrest of defendant without warrant where New Haven police requested his arrest as one involved in felonious larceny in their jurisdiction. Id., 529. Defendant in resisting an unlawful arrest was not guilty of breach of the peace. 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 42. Arrest by Trumbull officer of defendant as he drew up to his home in Bridgeport two hours after he had violated hit and run statute in Trumbull was valid as an arrest in immediate pursuit outside Trumbull precinct. Id., 55. Facts held sufficient to authorize arrest without warrant. Id., 228, 235, 236. Cited. Id., 613. Taken or apprehended defined. Id., 618.
Annotations to present section:
Cited. 179 C. 46; 180 C. 481; 181 C. 172. As a matter of constitutional law, where entry of dwelling is for purpose of conducting search under a valid search warrant, resident may be arrested under statute where police have probable cause to believe he committed a felony; arrest does not constitute violation of fourth amendment to U.S. Constitution. Id., 187. Cited. 188 C. 432, 442; 200 C. 82; 215 C. 667; 216 C. 172; 225 C. 921; 227 C. 363. Violation of Sec. 14-227a is an “offense” within meaning of this section. 228 C 758. Cited. 229 C. 125; 240 C. 489.
Cited. 15 CA 416; 20 CA 183; 23 CA 123; Id., 487; 27 CA 370; Id., 741; 29 CA 207; 30 CA 108; 31 CA 669; 33 CA 590; 34 CA 189; Id., 201; 46 CA 633. Where prior felony conviction formed basis of a charge under section, violation of section could not be established without presenting proof of such conviction. 64 CA 384. Does not prohibit “Terry” stops by extraterritorial police officers; rather, it prohibits full custodial arrests by extraterritorial police officers. 70 CA 297.
Cited. 38 CS 313.
Subsec. (a):
Cited. 191 C. 433; 210 C. 333; 224 C. 494; 227 C. 534; 228 C. 758. Section inapplicable to juveniles re commencement of delinquency proceedings by service of a summons alleging commission of criminal offenses. 297 C. 16.
Cited. 6 CA 124; 11 CA 11; 21 CA 326; 26 CA 481; judgment reversed, see 224 C. 494; Id., 805; 28 CA 708; 41 CA 779.
“Speedy information of others” does not preclude reliance on supplementary observations made by the officer. 37 CS 755. Officer's entry into apartment was lawful and in full compliance with statute; arrest was made on the speedy information of others; properly conducted search incidental to lawful arrest is not illegal even though made without a warrant. 38 CS 313. Cited. Id., 364; 39 CS 347; 40 CS 512.
Subsec. (b):
Cited. 183 C. 386; 189 C. 429; 195 C. 505; 220 C. 307; 236 C. 216; 248 C. 183. Off duty police officers, who also serve as attorneys, are not required to arrest their clients whenever they suspect that those clients may have committed other crimes outside of their jurisdictions. 344 C. 365.
Cited. 6 CA 124; 11 CA 11; 13 CA 69; Id., 214; 14 CA 388; 15 CA 569; 18 CA 184; 20 CA 168; judgment reversed, see 215 C. 667; Id., 521; 26 CA 481; judgment reversed, see 224 C. 494; 27 CA 128; 31 CA 548; 39 CA 579. Where probable cause for warrantless arrest was established using Aguilar-Spinelli factors, trial court improperly introduced second level of review under “totality of the circumstances” analysis. 47 CA 424. Phrase “reasonable grounds to believe” is synonymous with probable cause. 59 CA 272. Warrantless arrest based on probable cause was authorized under subsection. 74 CA 802. “Reasonable grounds” as used in statute is synonymous with probable cause. 78 CA 659.
Subsec. (c):
Appellate Court, in affirming defendant's conviction for operating motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor, rejected defendant's argument that there can only be “immediate pursuit” for purposes of Subsec. when there are findings that arresting officer personally observed illegal conduct and then followed suspect across jurisdictional boundaries. 88 CA 110.
Cited. 37 CS 755.
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Sec. 54-1g. Time of arraignment. Violation of protective order, standing criminal protective order or restraining order. (a) Any arrested person who is not released sooner or who is charged with a family violence crime as defined in section 46b-38a or a violation of section 53a-181c, 53a-181d or 53a-181e shall be promptly presented before the superior court sitting next regularly for the geographical area where the offense is alleged to have been committed. If an arrested person is hospitalized, or has escaped or is otherwise incapacitated, the person shall be presented, if practicable, to the first regular sitting after return to police custody.
(b) Any arrested person who is charged with a violation of section 53a-223, 53a-223a or 53a-223b shall be promptly presented to the superior court next sitting for the geographical area where the offense is alleged to have been committed. If the alleged offense was committed in a geographical area of the Superior Court other than the geographical area where the protective order was issued, the prosecutorial official for the geographical area of the Superior Court where the alleged offense was committed shall notify the prosecutorial official for the geographical area where the protective order was issued of the alleged violation of such protective order. On motion of any party or the court, the prosecution of such offense may be transferred to the superior court for the geographical area where the protective order was issued.
(P.A. 80-313, S. 26; P.A. 86-337, S. 10; P.A. 91-381, S. 5, 7; P.A. 93-75; P.A. 95-214, S. 2; P.A. 12-114, S. 21.)
History: P.A. 86-337 applied provisions to persons charged with a family violence crime as defined in Sec. 46b-38a; P.A. 91-381 added new Subsec. (b) re prompt presentment of arrested person charged with violation of Sec. 53a-110b to superior court where protective order was issued; P.A. 93-75 amended Subsec. (b) by adding procedure for determining geographic area of the superior court where person arrested for violation of protective order shall be prosecuted; P.A. 95-214 amended Subsec. (a) to include persons charged with “a violation of section 53a-181c, 53a-181d or 53a-181e”; P.A. 12-114 amended Subsec. (b) to add reference to violation of Sec. 53a-223a or 53a-223b.
Cited. 236 C. 388; 243 C. 205.
Cited. 11 CA 238; 43 CA 209; 44 CA 162.
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Sec. 54-1h. (Formerly Sec. 6-49a). Arrest by complaint and summons for commission of misdemeanor. Any person who has been arrested with or without a warrant for commission of a misdemeanor, or for an offense the penalty for which is imprisonment for not more than one year or a fine of not more than one thousand dollars, or both, may, in the discretion of the arresting officer, be issued a written complaint and summons and be released on his written promise to appear on a date and time specified. If any person so arrested and summoned fails to appear for trial at the place and time so specified, or on any court date thereafter, a warrant for his rearrest or a capias shall be issued and he shall also be subject to the provisions of section 53a-173.
(1972, P.A. 69, S. 1; P.A. 84-123, S. 1.)
History: Sec. 6-49a transferred to Sec. 54-1h in 1981; P.A. 84-123 added “or on any court date thereafter” and authorized issuance of a capias for person who fails to appear.
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Sec. 54-1i. (Formerly Sec. 54-40a). Duty of law enforcement officer before charging with a crime a person found in unconscious condition. (a) All law enforcement officers in this state shall make a diligent effort to determine if any person they find in a semiconscious or unconscious condition is wearing an identification bracelet or metal tag, or is carrying an identification card, bearing such person's name and any of the following information: A statement of an illness, such as epilepsy, diabetes or a cardiac condition, which might cause semiconsciousness or unconsciousness, a physician's name or identification of a medication, before such person may be charged with a crime. If any law enforcement officer shall determine that such a person is actually suffering from an affliction which would cause semiconsciousness or unconsciousness, he shall notify such person's physician immediately or have such person immediately transported to a physician or to some facility where the services of a physician are available.
(b) Any person who wilfully and knowingly falsifies such identification or deliberately misrepresents such an illness shall be guilty of a class A misdemeanor.
(P.A. 73-202, S. 1, 2.)
History: Sec. 54-40a transferred to Sec. 54-1i in 1981.
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Sec. 54-1j. Ascertainment that defendant understands possible immigration and naturalization consequences of guilty or nolo contendere plea. (a) The court shall not accept a plea of guilty or nolo contendere from any defendant in any criminal proceeding unless the court first addresses the defendant personally and determines that the defendant fully understands that if the defendant is not a citizen of the United States, conviction of the offense for which the defendant has been charged may have the consequences of deportation or removal from the United States, exclusion from readmission to the United States or denial of naturalization, pursuant to the laws of the United States. If the defendant has not discussed these possible consequences with the defendant's attorney, the court shall permit the defendant to do so prior to accepting the defendant's plea.
(b) The defendant shall not be required at the time of the plea to disclose the defendant's legal status in the United States to the court.
(c) If the court fails to address the defendant personally and determine that the defendant fully understands the possible consequences of the defendant's plea, as required in subsection (a) of this section, and the defendant not later than three years after the acceptance of the plea shows that the defendant's plea and conviction may have one of the enumerated consequences, the court, on the defendant's motion, shall vacate the judgment, and permit the defendant to withdraw the plea of guilty or nolo contendere, and enter a plea of not guilty.
(P.A. 82-177; P.A. 97-256, S. 6; P.A. 03-81, S. 1.)
History: P.A. 97-256 amended Subsec. (c) by imposing a three-year time period after the acceptance of the plea for the defendant to show that his plea and conviction may have one of the enumerated consequences, and deleting provision that, in the absence of a record that the court provided the required advice, the defendant is presumed not to have received such advice; P.A. 03-81 amended Subsec. (a) to replace former provision prohibiting the court accepting plea unless the court “advises” the defendant of the possible immigration or naturalization consequences of conviction if the defendant is not a citizen and setting forth specific language of such advisement with provision that prohibits the court accepting plea unless the court first addresses the defendant personally and determines that the defendant fully understands such possible consequences, add “removal” from the United States as a possible consequence and add provision requiring the court to permit the defendant to discuss these possible consequences with the defendant's attorney prior to accepting plea, amended Subsec. (b) to make a technical change for purposes of gender neutrality and amended Subsec. (c) to make provisions applicable if court fails “to address the defendant personally and determine that the defendant fully understands the possible consequences of the defendant's plea, as required in subsection (a) of this section” rather than if court fails “to advise a defendant, as required in subsection (a) of this section” and make a technical change for purposes of gender neutrality.
Court found that the time limit for filing motion was procedural in nature and therefore could be applied retroactively. 251 C. 617. Warning of deportation and denial was substantial compliance with provisions of statute since defendant was warned guilty plea implicates immigration status. 257 C. 653.
Court need only inform defendant of potential deportation consequences rather than engaging defendant in a manner to ensure full understanding. 62 CA 805. Section is in place only to call defendant's attention to potential immigration consequences under federal law, not to inform defendant of every possible consequence of a plea. 68 CA 499. Court's inquiry of defense counsel as to whether there were any immigration issues and whether counsel talked to defendant about possible consequences of pleas cannot be construed as substantial compliance with requirements of Subsec. (a). 120 CA 489; judgment reversed, see 303 C. 527.
Subsec. (a):
Court properly relied upon representations by defense counsel that defendant understood immigration consequences of guilty plea and court was not required to address defendant personally; substantial compliance with section is sufficient. 303 C. 527. Trial court is not required to inquire directly of a defendant as to whether he or she spoke with his or her counsel about the possible immigration consequences of pleading guilty before the court accepts the defendant's guilty plea. 325 C. 623.
Subsec. is plain and unambiguous, and requires that court address defendant personally and determine that defendant fully understands that immigration consequences may flow from entering a plea if a noncitizen, and court is only required to provide defendant an opportunity to discuss with defense counsel the possible immigration consequences of entering a plea if the court is made aware that defendant has not discussed those immigration consequences with defense counsel. 139 CA 308. Trial court erred in finding that canvas of defendant substantially complied with Subsec. because trial court simply advised defendant that his conviction could result in his removal or deportation from United States, it did not ask defendant nor did it make a determination that defendant understood potential immigration consequences of his guilty plea before he entered it. 180 CA 48.
Subsec. (c):
Under 1999 revision, court does not have jurisdiction to hear motion filed outside of 3-year period. 306 C. 125.
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Sec. 54-1k. Issuance of protective orders in cases of stalking, harassment, sexual assault, risk of injury to or impairing morals of a child. (a) Upon the arrest of a person for a violation of subdivision (1) or (2) of subsection (a) of section 53-21, section 53a-70, 53a-70a, 53a-70c, 53a-71, 53a-72a, 53a-72b or 53a-73a, or any attempt thereof, or section 53a-181c, 53a-181d or 53a-181e, the court may issue a protective order pursuant to this section. Upon the arrest of a person for a violation of section 53a-182b or 53a-183, the court may issue a protective order pursuant to this section if it finds that such violation caused the victim to reasonably fear for his or her physical safety. Such order shall be an order of the court, and the clerk of the court shall cause (1) a copy of such order, or the information contained in such order, to be sent to the victim, and (2) a copy of such order, or the information contained in such order, to be sent by facsimile or other means not later than forty-eight hours after its issuance to the law enforcement agency or agencies for the town in which the victim resides, the town in which the victim is employed and the town in which the defendant resides. If the victim is enrolled in a public or private elementary or secondary school, including a technical education and career school, or an institution of higher education, as defined in section 10a-55, the clerk of the court shall, upon the request of the victim, send, by facsimile or other means, a copy of such order, or the information contained in such order, to such school or institution of higher education, the president of any institution of higher education at which the victim is enrolled and the special police force established pursuant to section 10a-156b, if any, at the institution of higher education at which the victim is enrolled, if the victim provides the clerk with the name and address of such school or institution of higher education.
(b) A protective order issued under this section may include provisions necessary to protect the victim from threats, harassment, injury or intimidation by the defendant, including but not limited to, an order enjoining the defendant from (1) imposing any restraint upon the person or liberty of the victim, (2) threatening, harassing, assaulting, molesting or sexually assaulting the victim, or (3) entering the dwelling of the victim. A protective order issued under this section may include provisions necessary to protect any animal owned or kept by the victim including, but not limited to, an order enjoining the defendant from injuring or threatening to injure such animal. Such order shall be made a condition of the bail or release of the defendant and shall contain the following language: “In accordance with section 53a-223 of the Connecticut general statutes, any violation of this order constitutes criminal violation of a protective order which is punishable by a term of imprisonment of not more than ten years, a fine of not more than ten thousand dollars, or both. Additionally, in accordance with section 53a-107 of the Connecticut general statutes, entering or remaining in a building or any other premises in violation of this order constitutes criminal trespass in the first degree which is punishable by a term of imprisonment of not more than one year, a fine of not more than two thousand dollars, or both. Violation of this order also violates a condition of your bail or release and may result in raising the amount of bail or revoking release.”.
(c) The information contained in and concerning the issuance of any protective order issued under this section shall be entered in the registry of protective orders pursuant to section 51-5c.
(P.A. 95-214, S. 3; P.A. 02-132, S. 56; P.A. 05-147, S. 1; 05-288, S. 183; P.A. 07-78, S. 3; P.A. 08-84, S. 1; P.A. 10-144, S. 7; P.A. 12-114, S. 4; June 12 Sp. Sess. P.A. 12-2, S. 99; P.A. 14-217, S. 126; P.A. 17-163, S. 5; 17-237, S. 117.)
History: P.A. 02-132 replaced provisions re sending certified copy of order to law enforcement agency with provisions re sending copy of or information contained in order to law enforcement agency by facsimile or other means, replaced provisions re entry of protective orders in registry established under Sec. 46b-38c(e) with provisions re entry of information into registry of protective orders pursuant to Sec. 51-5c and made technical changes, effective January 1, 2003; P.A. 05-147 authorized the issuance of a protective order upon the arrest of a person for a violation of Sec. 53a-182b or 53a-183 if the violation caused the victim to reasonably fear for his or her physical safety and revised the language of the order to make technical changes and specify that a violation of Sec. 53a-223 is punishable by a term of imprisonment of not more than five years, a fine of not more than $5,000, or both, reflecting the increase in the penalty for said violation made by P.A. 02-127; P.A. 05-288 made technical changes and revised required language in order re penalty for criminal violation of a protective order, effective July 13, 2005; P.A. 07-78 added provision re authority of protective order to include provisions necessary to protect any animal owned or kept by the victim; P.A. 08-84 inserted Subsec. designators (a), (b) and (c), and amended Subsec. (a) to reference Secs. 53-21(a)(1) or (2), 53a-70, 53a-70a, 53a-70c, 53a-71, 53a-72a, 53a-72b or 53a-73a, or any attempt thereof; P.A. 10-144 amended Subsec. (a) to insert Subdiv. designators (1) and (2), to delete “certified” re copy of order and add “or the information contained in such order” in Subdiv. (1) and to substitute provision re law enforcement agency for town in which victim resides, town in which victim is employed and town in which defendant resides for provision re appropriate law enforcement agency in Subdiv. (2); P.A. 12-114 amended Subsec. (a) to add provision re clerk of court to send copy of order to school at which victim is enrolled, and made technical changes; June 12 Sp. Sess. P.A. 12-2 amended Subsec. (a) to substitute “technical high school” for “regional vocational technical school”; P.A. 14-217 amended Subsec. (b) to replace “five years” and “five thousand dollars” with “ten years” and “ten thousand dollars”, respectively, in required order language re penalty for criminal violation of a protective order, effective January 1, 2015; P.A. 17-163 amended Subsec. (a) to add provision re if victim provides name and address of school or institution of higher education to clerk, effective January 1, 2018; P.A. 17-237 amended Subsec. (a) by replacing “technical high school” with “technical education and career school”, effective July 1, 2017.
Nothing in section prohibits state from bringing charges for other criminal acts in addition to violation of protective order. 151 CA 590.
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Sec. 54-1l. Short title: Alvin W. Penn Racial Profiling Prohibition Act. (a) This section and section 54-1m shall be known as the “Alvin W. Penn Racial Profiling Prohibition Act”.
(b) For the purposes of this section, “racial profiling” means the detention, interdiction or other disparate treatment of an individual solely on the basis of the racial or ethnic status of such individual.
(c) No member of the Division of State Police within the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection, a municipal police department or any other law enforcement agency shall engage in racial profiling. The detention of an individual based on any noncriminal factor or combination of noncriminal factors is inconsistent with this policy.
(d) The race or ethnicity of an individual shall not be the sole factor in determining the existence of probable cause to place in custody or arrest an individual or in constituting a reasonable and articulable suspicion that an offense has been or is being committed so as to justify the detention of an individual or the investigatory stop of a motor vehicle.
(P.A. 99-198, S. 1; P.A. 03-160, S. 2; P.A. 11-51, S. 134.)
History: P.A. 03-160 inserted new Subsec. (a) providing that section and Sec. 54-1m shall be known as the “Alvin W. Penn Racial Profiling Prohibition Act” and redesignated existing Subsecs. (a) to (c) as new Subsecs. (b) to (d), effective June 26, 2003; pursuant to P.A. 11-51, “Department of Public Safety” was changed editorially by the Revisors to “Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection” in Subsec. (c), effective July 1, 2011.
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Sec. 54-1m. Adoption of policy prohibiting certain police actions. Traffic stop information. Standardized method. Data collection and reporting. (a) Each municipal police department, the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection and any other department with authority to conduct a traffic stop shall adopt a written policy that prohibits the stopping, detention or search of any person when such action is solely motivated by considerations of race, color, ethnicity, age, gender or sexual orientation, and such action would constitute a violation of the civil rights of the person. For the purposes of this section: (1) “Department with authority to conduct a traffic stop” means any department that includes, or has oversight of, a police officer, and (2) “police officer” means a police officer within a municipal police department or the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection or a person with the same authority pursuant to any provision of the general statutes to make arrests or issue citations for violation of any statute or regulation relating to motor vehicles and to enforce said statutes and regulations as policemen or state policemen have in their respective jurisdictions, including, but not limited to: (A) Special policemen or state policemen acting under the provisions of section 29-18, 17a-24 or 17a-465; (B) policemen acting under the provisions of section 29-19; (C) the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, each deputy commissioner of the Department of Motor Vehicles and any salaried inspector of motor vehicles designated by the commissioner pursuant to section 14-8; (D) State Capitol Police officers acting under the provisions of section 2-1f; (E) special police forces acting under the provisions of section 10a-156b; (F) state policemen acting under the provisions of section 27-107; and (G) fire police officers acting under the provisions of section 7-313a.
(b) Not later than July 1, 2013, the Office of Policy and Management, in consultation with the Racial Profiling Prohibition Project Advisory Board established in section 54-1s, and the Criminal Justice Information System Governing Board shall, within available resources, develop and implement a standardized method:
(1) To be used by police officers of municipal police departments, the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection and any other department with authority to conduct a traffic stop to record traffic stop information unless the police officer is required to leave the location of the stop prior to completing such form in order to respond to an emergency or due to some other exigent circumstance within the scope of such police officer's duties. The standardized method and any form developed and implemented pursuant to such standardized method shall allow the following information to be recorded: (A) The date and time of the stop; (B) the specific geographic location of the stop; (C) the unique identifying number of the police officer making the stop, or the name and title of the person making the stop if such person does not have a unique identifying number; (D) the race, color, ethnicity, age and gender of the operator of the motor vehicle that is stopped, provided the identification of such characteristics shall be based on the observation and perception of the police officer responsible for reporting the stop; (E) the nature of the alleged traffic violation or other violation that caused the stop to be made and the statutory citation for such violation; (F) the disposition of the stop including whether a warning, citation or summons was issued, whether a search was conducted, the authority for any search conducted, the result of any search conducted, the statute or regulation citation for any warning, citation or summons issued and whether a custodial arrest was made; and (G) any other information deemed appropriate. The method shall also provide for (i) notice to be given to the person stopped that if such person believes that such person has been stopped, detained or subjected to a search solely because of race, color, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual orientation, religion or membership in any other protected class, such person may file a complaint with the appropriate law enforcement agency unless the police officer was required to leave the location of the stop prior to providing such notice in order to respond to an emergency or due to some other exigent circumstance within the scope of such police officer's duties, and (ii) instructions to be given to the person stopped on how to file such complaint unless the police officer was required to leave the location of the stop prior to providing such instructions in order to respond to an emergency or due to some other exigent circumstance within the scope of such police officer's duties;
(2) To be used to report complaints pursuant to this section by any person who believes such person has been subjected to a motor vehicle stop by a police officer solely on the basis of race, color, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual orientation or religion; and
(3) To be used by each municipal police department, the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection and any other department with authority to conduct a traffic stop to report data to the Office of Policy and Management pursuant to subsection (h) of this section.
(c) Not later than July 1, 2013, the Office of Policy and Management, in consultation with the Racial Profiling Prohibition Project Advisory Board, shall develop and implement guidelines to be used by each municipal police department, the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection and any other department with authority to conduct a traffic stop in (1) training police officers of such agency in the completion of the form developed and implemented pursuant to subdivision (1) of subsection (b) of this section, and (2) evaluating the information collected by police officers of such municipal police department, the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection or other department with authority to conduct a traffic stop pursuant to subsection (e) of this section for use in the counseling and training of such police officers.
(d) (1) Prior to the date a standardized method and form have been developed and implemented pursuant to subdivision (1) of subsection (b) of this section, each municipal police department, the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection and any other department with authority to conduct a traffic stop shall, using the form developed and promulgated pursuant to the provisions of subsection (h) in effect on January 1, 2012, record and retain the following information: (A) The number of persons stopped for traffic violations; (B) characteristics of race, color, ethnicity, gender and age of such persons, provided the identification of such characteristics shall be based on the observation and perception of the police officer responsible for reporting the stop and the information shall not be required to be provided by the person stopped; (C) the nature of the alleged traffic violation that resulted in the stop; (D) whether a warning or citation was issued, an arrest made or a search conducted as a result of the stop; and (E) any additional information that such municipal police department, the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection or any other department with authority to conduct a traffic stop, as the case may be, deems appropriate, provided such information shall not include any other identifying information about any person stopped for a traffic violation such as the person's operator's license number, name or address.
(2) On and after the date a standardized method and form have been developed and implemented pursuant to subdivision (1) of subsection (b) of this section, each municipal police department, the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection and any other department with authority to conduct a traffic stop shall record and retain the information required to be recorded pursuant to such standardized method and any additional information that such municipal police department or the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection or other department with authority to conduct a traffic stop, as the case may be, deems appropriate, provided such information shall not include any other identifying information about any person stopped for a traffic violation such as the person's operator's license number, name or address.
(e) Each municipal police department, the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection and any other department with authority to conduct a traffic stop shall provide to the Chief State's Attorney and the Office of Policy and Management (1) a copy of each complaint received pursuant to this section, and (2) written notification of the review and disposition of such complaint. No copy of such complaint shall include any other identifying information about the complainant such as the complainant's operator's license number, name or address.
(f) Any police officer who in good faith records traffic stop information pursuant to the requirements of this section shall not be held civilly liable for the act of recording such information unless the officer's conduct was unreasonable or reckless.
(g) If a municipal police department, the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection or any other department with authority to conduct a traffic stop fails to comply with the provisions of this section, the Office of Policy and Management shall recommend and the Secretary of the Office of Policy and Management may order an appropriate penalty in the form of the withholding of state funds from such municipal police department, the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection or such other department with authority to conduct a traffic stop.
(h) Not later than October 1, 2012, each municipal police department and the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection shall provide to the Office of Policy and Management a summary report of the information recorded pursuant to subsection (d) of this section. On and after October 1, 2013, each municipal police department, the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection and any other department with authority to conduct a traffic stop shall provide to the Office of Policy and Management a monthly report of the information recorded pursuant to subsection (d) of this section for each traffic stop conducted, in a format prescribed by the Office of Policy and Management. On and after January 1, 2015, such information shall be submitted in electronic form, and shall be submitted in electronic form prior to said date to the extent practicable.
(i) The Office of Policy and Management shall, within available resources, review the prevalence and disposition of traffic stops and complaints reported pursuant to this section, including any traffic stops conducted on suspicion of a violation of section 14-227a, 14-227g, 14-227m or 14-227n. Not later than July 1, 2014, and annually thereafter, the office shall report the results of any such review, including any recommendations, to the Governor, the General Assembly and any other entity deemed appropriate. The Office of Policy and Management shall make such report publicly available on the office's Internet web site.
(P.A. 99-198, S. 2, 3; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 01-9, S. 128, 131; P.A. 03-160, S. 1; P.A. 04-27, S. 6; 04-257, S. 83; P.A. 11-51, S. 171; P.A. 12-74, S. 1; June 12 Sp. Sess. P.A. 12-1, S. 144; P.A. 13-75, S. 1; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 16-3, S. 168; P.A. 21-97, S. 7; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 21-1, S. 164.)
History: (Revisor's note: A reference in Subsec. (f) to “the information recorded pursuant to subsection (d)” was changed editorially by the Revisors to “the information recorded pursuant to subsection (b)” for accuracy); June Sp. Sess. P.A. 01-9 amended Subsec. (h) to extend the effectiveness of Subsecs. (f) and (g) from January 1, 2002, to January 1, 2003, effective July 1, 2001; P.A. 03-160 amended Subsec. (b)(5) to provide that additional information does not include any other identifying information about any person stopped for a traffic violation such as his or her operator's license number, name or address, amended Subsec. (c) to require copy of the complaint and written notification of the review and disposition of such complaint to be provided to the African-American Affairs Commission and to provide that no such complaint shall contain any other identifying information about the complainant such as his or her operator's license number, name or address, amended Subsec. (f) to require that summary report be provided to the African-American Affairs Commission, amended Subsec. (g) to require the African-American Affairs Commission to review the prevalence and disposition of traffic stops and complaints and, not later than January 1, 2004, and annually thereafter, to report the results of such review to the Governor, the General Assembly and any other entity said commission deems appropriate and to delete references to the Chief State's Attorney, deleted former Subsec. (h) re limited period of effectiveness of Subsecs. (f) and (g), redesignated existing Subsec. (i) as Subsec. (h) and amended said Subsec. by substituting reference in Subdiv. (1) to personal identifying information with reference to race, color, ethnicity, gender and age, effective June 26, 2003; P.A. 04-27 made technical changes, effective April 28, 2004; P.A. 04-257 made a technical change in Subsec. (b), effective June 14, 2004; P.A. 11-51 replaced Commissioner and Department of Public Safety with Commissioner and Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection and amended Subsecs. (a), (b) and (h) to delete references to January 1, 2000, effective July 1, 2011; P.A. 12-74 added new Subsec. (b) re development and implementation of standardized method to record traffic stop information, added new Subsec. (c) re training and evaluation guidelines, redesignated existing Subsec. (b) as Subsec. (d) and amended same to provide that method be used on and after July 1, 2013, if developed and implemented, redesignated existing Subsecs. (c) to (g) as Subsecs. (e) to (i) and amended same to substitute references to Office of Policy and Management for references to African-American Affairs Commission re receipt of complaints, Chief State's Attorney re recommendation of penalty for failure to comply, Chief State's Attorney and commission re summary report, and commission re review, within available resources, and substitute “October 1, 2013” for “October 1, 2000” re summary report, added Subsec. (j) re report to judiciary committee, deleted former Subsec. (h) re development and promulgation of forms, and made technical changes, effective July 1, 2012; June 12 Sp. Sess. P.A. 12-1 amended Subsec. (d) to add Subdiv. (1) re use of form and recording of information, designate provisions re recording and retaining information under standardized method as Subdiv. (2) and add reference therein to municipal police department and Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection, amended Subsec. (h) to substitute “October 1, 2012” for “October 1, 2013” re summary report and delete provision re use of method and form, and made technical changes, effective July 1, 2012; P.A. 13-75 made section applicable to “any other department with authority to conduct a traffic stop”, amended Subsec. (a) to add Subdiv. (1) defining “department with authority to conduct a traffic stop” and Subdiv. (2) defining “police officer”, amended Subsec. (b)(1) to add provisions re exception to requirement to record traffic stop information and complaint information provided to person stopped when officer is required to leave in order to respond to emergency or due to other exigent circumstances within scope of duties, and to require that form include specific geographic location of stop, officer's unique identifying number or name, title of person making stop if such person has no unique identifying number, the authority for any search conducted, the result of any search conducted, and the citation for any warning, citation or summons issued, amended Subsec. (h) to require departments to provide Office of Policy and Management with monthly reports of information recorded under Subsec. (d), amended Subsec. (i) to substitute “July 1, 2014,” for “January 1, 2014,” re report, and amended Subsec. (j) to substitute “January 1, 2014,” for “January 1, 2013,” re report and add reference to public safety committee, the African-American Affairs Commission, the Latino and Puerto Rican Affairs Commission and the Black and Puerto Rican Caucus of the General Assembly; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 16-3 deleted former Subsec. (j) re January 1, 2014, report on progress in developing standardized method and guidelines, effective July 1, 2016; P.A. 21-97 amended Subsec. (i) by adding provision re public availability of report; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 21-1 amended Subsec. (i) by adding reference to traffic stops conducted on suspicion of violation of Sec. 14-227a, 14-227g, 14-227m or 14-227n, effective June 22, 2021.
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Sec. 54-1n. Complaint by victim of identity theft. Law enforcement agency's responsibilities. Any person who believes that such person's personal identifying information has been obtained and used by another person in violation of section 53a-129a of the general statutes, revision of 1958, revised to January 1, 2003, or section 53a-129b, 53a-129c or 53a-129d may file a complaint reporting such alleged violation with the law enforcement agency for the town in which such person resides. Such law enforcement agency shall accept such complaint, prepare a police report on the matter, provide the complainant with a copy of such report and investigate such alleged violation and any other offenses allegedly committed as a result of such violation and shall, if necessary, coordinate such investigation with any other law enforcement agencies.
(P.A. 03-156, S. 7.)
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Sec. 54-1o. Electronic recording of custodial interrogations. (a) For the purposes of this section:
(1) “Custody” means the circumstance when (A) a person has been placed under formal arrest, or (B) there is a restraint on a person's freedom of movement of the degree associated with a formal arrest and a reasonable person, in view of all the circumstances, would have believed that he or she was not free to leave;
(2) “Interrogation” means questioning initiated by a law enforcement official or any words or actions on the part of a law enforcement official, other than those normally attendant to arrest and custody, that such official should know are reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from the person;
(3) “Custodial interrogation” means any interrogation of a person while such person is in custody;
(4) “Place of detention” means a police station or barracks, courthouse, correctional facility, community correctional center or detention facility; and
(5) “Electronic recording” means an audiovisual recording made by use of an electronic or digital audiovisual device.
(b) An oral, written or sign language statement of a person under investigation for or accused of a capital felony or a class A or B felony made as a result of a custodial interrogation at a place of detention shall be presumed to be inadmissible as evidence against the person in any criminal proceeding unless: (1) An electronic recording is made of the custodial interrogation, and (2) such recording is substantially accurate and not intentionally altered.
(c) Every electronic recording required under this section shall be preserved until such time as the person's conviction for any offense relating to the statement is final and all direct and habeas corpus appeals are exhausted or the prosecution is barred by law.
(d) If the court finds by a preponderance of the evidence that the person was subjected to a custodial interrogation in violation of this section, then any statements made by the person during or following that nonrecorded custodial interrogation, even if otherwise in compliance with this section, are presumed to be inadmissible in any criminal proceeding against the person except for the purposes of impeachment.
(e) Nothing in this section precludes the admission of:
(1) A statement made by the person in open court at his or her trial or at a preliminary hearing;
(2) A statement made during a custodial interrogation that was not recorded as required by this section because electronic recording was not feasible;
(3) A voluntary statement, whether or not the result of a custodial interrogation, that has a bearing on the credibility of the person as a witness;
(4) A spontaneous statement that is not made in response to a question;
(5) A statement made after questioning that is routinely asked during the processing of the arrest of the person;
(6) A statement made during a custodial interrogation by a person who requests, prior to making the statement, to respond to the interrogator's questions only if an electronic recording is not made of the statement, provided an electronic recording is made of the statement by the person agreeing to respond to the interrogator's question only if a recording is not made of the statement;
(7) A statement made during a custodial interrogation that is conducted out-of-state; and
(8) Any other statement that may be admissible under law.
(f) The state shall have the burden of proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, that one of the exceptions specified in subsection (e) of this section is applicable.
(g) Nothing in this section precludes the admission of a statement, otherwise inadmissible under this section, that is used only for impeachment and not as substantive evidence.
(h) The presumption of inadmissibility of a statement made by a person at a custodial interrogation at a place of detention may be overcome by a preponderance of the evidence that the statement was voluntarily given and is reliable, based on the totality of the circumstances.
(i) Any electronic recording of any statement made by a person at a custodial interrogation that is made by any law enforcement agency under this section shall be confidential and not subject to disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act, as defined in section 1-200, and the information shall not be transmitted to any person except as needed to comply with this section.
(P.A. 11-174, S. 1.)
History: P.A. 11-174 effective January 1, 2014.
Subsec. (h): “Voluntary” is a constitutional term of art in context of admission of statement made by criminal defendant subject to custodial interrogation in place of detention, therefore, trial court's legal determination of voluntariness is not entitled to deference upon review; requirement that state prove unrecorded statement is reliable is not constitutional but evidentiary, therefore, principles governing evidentiary rulings apply upon review; independent, corroborating evidence not required to prove reliability of statement made by criminal defendant subject to custodial interrogation in place of detention. 338 C. 255.
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Sec. 54-1p. Eyewitness identification procedures. (a) For the purposes of this section:
(1) “Eyewitness” means a person who observes another person at or near the scene of an offense;
(2) “Photo lineup” means a procedure in which an array of photographs, including a photograph of the person suspected as the perpetrator of an offense and additional photographs of other persons not suspected of the offense, is presented to an eyewitness for the purpose of determining whether the eyewitness is able to identify the suspect as the perpetrator;
(3) “Live lineup” means a procedure in which a group of persons, including the person suspected as the perpetrator of an offense and other persons not suspected of the offense, is presented to an eyewitness for the purpose of determining whether the eyewitness is able to identify the suspect as the perpetrator;
(4) “Identification procedure” means either a photo lineup or a live lineup; and
(5) “Filler” means either a person or a photograph of a person who is not suspected of an offense and is included in an identification procedure.
(b) Not later than February 1, 2013, the Police Officer Standards and Training Council and the Division of State Police within the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection shall jointly develop and promulgate uniform mandatory policies and appropriate guidelines for the conducting of eyewitness identification procedures that shall be based on best practices and be followed by all municipal and state law enforcement agencies. Said council and division shall also develop and promulgate a standardized form to be used by municipal and state law enforcement agencies when conducting an identification procedure and making a written record thereof.
(c) Not later than May 1, 2013, each municipal police department and the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection shall adopt procedures for the conducting of photo lineups and live lineups that are in accordance with the policies and guidelines developed and promulgated by the Police Officer Standards and Training Council and the Division of State Police within the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection pursuant to subsection (b) of this section and that comply with the following requirements:
(1) Whenever a specific person is suspected as the perpetrator of an offense, the photographs included in a photo lineup or the persons participating in a live lineup shall be presented sequentially so that the eyewitness views one photograph or one person at a time in accordance with the policies and guidelines developed and promulgated by the Police Officer Standards and Training Council and the Division of State Police within the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection pursuant to subsection (b) of this section;
(2) The identification procedure shall be conducted in such a manner that the person conducting the procedure does not know which person in the photo lineup or live lineup is suspected as the perpetrator of the offense, except that, if it is not practicable to conduct a photo lineup in such a manner, the photo lineup shall be conducted by the use of a folder shuffle method, computer program or other comparable method so that the person conducting the procedure does not know which photograph the eyewitness is viewing during the procedure;
(3) The eyewitness shall be instructed prior to the identification procedure:
(A) That the eyewitness will be asked to view an array of photographs or a group of persons, and that each photograph or person will be presented one at a time;
(B) That it is as important to exclude innocent persons as it is to identify the perpetrator;
(C) That the persons in a photo lineup or live lineup may not look exactly as they did on the date of the offense because features like facial or head hair can change;
(D) That the perpetrator may or may not be among the persons in the photo lineup or live lineup;
(E) That the eyewitness should not feel compelled to make an identification;
(F) That the eyewitness should take as much time as needed in making a decision; and
(G) That the police will continue to investigate the offense regardless of whether the eyewitness makes an identification;
(4) In addition to the instructions required by subdivision (3) of this subsection, the eyewitness shall be given such instructions as may be developed and promulgated by the Police Officer Standards and Training Council and the Division of State Police within the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection pursuant to subsection (b) of this section;
(5) The photo lineup or live lineup shall be composed so that the fillers generally fit the description of the person suspected as the perpetrator and, in the case of a photo lineup, so that the photograph of the person suspected as the perpetrator resembles his or her appearance at the time of the offense and does not unduly stand out;
(6) If the eyewitness has previously viewed a photo lineup or live lineup in connection with the identification of another person suspected of involvement in the offense, the fillers in the lineup in which the person suspected as the perpetrator participates or in which the photograph of the person suspected as the perpetrator is included shall be different from the fillers used in any prior lineups;
(7) At least five fillers shall be included in the photo lineup and at least four fillers shall be included in the live lineup, in addition to the person suspected as the perpetrator;
(8) In a photo lineup, no writings or information concerning any previous arrest of the person suspected as the perpetrator shall be visible to the eyewitness;
(9) In a live lineup, any identification actions, such as speaking or making gestures or other movements, shall be performed by all lineup participants;
(10) In a live lineup, all lineup participants shall be out of the view of the eyewitness at the beginning of the identification procedure;
(11) The person suspected as the perpetrator shall be the only suspected perpetrator included in the identification procedure;
(12) Nothing shall be said to the eyewitness regarding the position in the photo lineup or the live lineup of the person suspected as the perpetrator;
(13) Nothing shall be said to the eyewitness that might influence the eyewitness's selection of the person suspected as the perpetrator;
(14) If the eyewitness identifies a person as the perpetrator, the eyewitness shall not be provided any information concerning such person prior to obtaining the eyewitness's statement regarding how certain he or she is of the selection; and
(15) A written record of the identification procedure shall be made that includes the following information:
(A) All identification and nonidentification results obtained during the identification procedure, signed by the eyewitness, including the eyewitness's own words regarding how certain he or she is of the selection;
(B) The names of all persons present at the identification procedure;
(C) The date and time of the identification procedure;
(D) In a photo lineup, the photographs presented to the eyewitness or copies thereof;
(E) In a photo lineup, identification information on all persons whose photograph was included in the lineup and the sources of all photographs used; and
(F) In a live lineup, identification information on all persons who participated in the lineup.
(P.A. 11-252, S. 1; P.A. 12-111, S. 1.)
History: (Revisor's note: In Subsec. (b), “Department of Public Safety” was changed editorially by the Revisors to “Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection” to conform with changes made by P.A. 11-51); P.A. 12-111 amended Subsec. (a) to replace “displayed” with “presented” in definitions of “photo lineup” and “live lineup”, added new Subsec. (b) re development and promulgation by February 1, 2013, of uniform mandatory policies and appropriate guidelines for conducting of eyewitness identification procedures and development and promulgation of standardized form and redesignated existing Subsec. (b) as Subsec. (c) and amended same to replace “January 1, 2012” with “May 1, 2013” as deadline for adopting lineup procedures and require such procedures to be in accordance with policies and guidelines developed and promulgated pursuant to Subsec. (b), add new Subdiv. (1) re presentation of photographs or persons sequentially, replace former Subdiv. (1) re conducting of procedure, when practicable, by person not aware of which person in lineup is suspected as perpetrator with new Subdiv. (2) re conducting of procedure in such a manner that person conducting procedure does not know which person in lineup is suspected as perpetrator and, if it is not practicable to conduct photo lineup in such a manner, allowing photo lineup to be conducted using a method so that person conducting procedure does not know which photograph eyewitness is viewing, redesignate existing Subdiv. (2) as Subdiv. (3) and amend same to add new Subpara. (A) re viewing of array of photographs or group of persons and presentation of photographs or persons one at a time, add new Subpara. (B) re importance of excluding innocent persons, add new Subpara. (C) re difference in appearance because of change in features like facial or head hair, redesignate existing Subparas. (A) to (C) as Subparas. (D) to (F) and add new Subpara. (G) re continuation of police investigation, add new Subdiv. (4) re giving of additional instructions developed and promulgated pursuant to Subsec. (b), redesignate existing Subdivs. (3) to (11) as Subdivs. (5) to (13), redesignate existing Subdiv. (12) as Subdiv. (14) and amend same to replace “eyewitness's statement that he or she is certain of the selection” with “eyewitness's statement regarding how certain he or she is of the selection” and redesignate existing Subdiv. (13) as Subdiv. (15) and amend same by replacing in Subpara. (D) “the photographs themselves” with “the photographs presented to the eyewitness or copies thereof”, effective July 1, 2012.
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Sec. 54-1q. Court to advise defendant that guilty or nolo contendere plea may have consequence of suspension of driver's license. The court shall not accept a plea of guilty or nolo contendere from a person in a proceeding with respect to a violation of section 14-110, subsection (b) or (c) of section 14-147, section 14-215, subsection (a) of section 14-222, subsection (a) or (b) of section 14-224 or section 53a-119b unless the court advises such person that conviction of the offense for which such person has been charged may have the consequence of the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles suspending such person's motor vehicle operator's license.
(P.A. 03-233, S. 3.)
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Sec. 54-1r. Complaint by protected person re violation of order of protection by electronic or telephonic means. Law enforcement agency's responsibilities. Any person listed as a protected person on a restraining order, protective order, standing criminal protective order or foreign order of protection who believes that an electronic or telephonic communication received by the person constitutes a violation of section 53a-223, 53a-223a or 53a-223b may file a complaint reporting such alleged violation with the law enforcement agency for the town in which (1) such person resides, (2) such person received the communication, or (3) such communication was initiated. Such law enforcement agency shall accept such complaint, prepare a police report on the matter, provide the complainant with a copy of such report and investigate such alleged violation and shall, if necessary, coordinate such investigation with any other law enforcement agencies and, upon request of the complainant, notify the law enforcement agency for the town in which the complainant resides.
(P.A. 12-114, S. 8.)
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Sec. 54-1s. Racial Profiling Prohibition Project Advisory Board. Membership. Duties. (a) There is established, within available resources, a Racial Profiling Prohibition Project Advisory Board for the purpose of advising the Office of Policy and Management with respect to the adoption of standardized methods and guidelines pursuant to section 54-1m. The board shall be within the Office of Policy and Management for administrative purposes only.
(b) The board shall include the following members:
(1) The Chief State's Attorney, or a designee;
(2) The Chief Public Defender, or a designee;
(3) The president of the Connecticut Police Chiefs Association, or a designee;
(4) The executive director of the Commission on Women, Children, Seniors, Equity and Opportunity, or a designee;
(5) Two members of the Commission on Women, Children, Seniors, Equity and Opportunity, designated by the executive director;
(6) The executive director of the Commission on Human Rights and Opportunities, or a designee;
(7) The Commissioner of Emergency Services and Public Protection, or a designee;
(8) The Commissioner of Transportation, or a designee;
(9) The director of the Institute for Municipal and Regional Policy at The University of Connecticut, or a designee; and
(10) Such other members as the board may prescribe.
(c) The chairpersons of the joint standing committee of the General Assembly having cognizance of matters relating to the judiciary shall select two chairpersons of the board from among the members of the board.
(P.A. 12-74, S. 2; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 16-3, S. 169; P.A. 19-117, S. 142; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 21-2, S. 26.)
History: P.A. 12-74 effective June 6, 2012; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 16-3 amended Subsec. (b) by replacing “African-American Affairs Commission” with “Commission on Equity and Opportunity” in Subdiv. (4), replacing reference to executive director of Latino and Puerto Rican Affairs Commission or designee with reference to two members of Commission on Equity and Opportunity designated by the executive director in Subdiv. (5), deleting former Subdiv. (6) re executive director of Asian Pacific American Affairs Commission or designee and redesignating existing Subdivs. (7) to (11) as Subdivs. (6) to (10), effective July 1, 2016; P.A. 19-117 amended Subsec. (b) by replacing “Commission on Equity and Opportunity” with “Commission on Women, Children, Seniors, Equity and Opportunity” in Subdivs. (4) and (5), effective July 1, 2019; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 21-2 amended Subsec. (b)(9) by replacing “Central Connecticut State University” with “The University of Connecticut”.
See Sec. 4-38f for definition of “administrative purposes only”.
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Sec. 54-1t. Adoption of policy re police use of electronic defense weapons. Data collection. Reports. (a) For purposes of this section, “law enforcement agency” means the Division of State Police within the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection or any municipal police department, “police officer” means a state police officer or a sworn member of a municipal police department and “electronic defense weapon” has the same meaning as provided in section 53a-3.
(b) (1) Each law enforcement agency that authorizes a police officer employed by such agency to use an electronic defense weapon shall: (A) Not later than January 31, 2015, adopt and maintain a written policy that meets or exceeds the model policy developed by the Police Officer Standards and Training Council regarding the use of an electronic defense weapon; (B) require police officers to document any use of an electronic defense weapon in use-of-force reports; (C) not later than January fifteenth following each calendar year in which an electronic defense weapon is used, prepare an annual report using the form developed and promulgated by the Police Officer Standards and Training Council pursuant to section 7-294cc that details the use of electronic defense weapons by police officers employed by such agency and includes (i) data downloaded from the electronic defense weapons after their use, (ii) data compiled from the use-of-force reports, and (iii) statistics on each such use of an electronic defense weapon, including, but not limited to, (I) the race and gender of each person on whom the electronic defense weapon was used, provided the identification of such characteristics shall be based on the observation and perception of the police officer that used the electronic defense weapon, (II) the number of times the electronic defense weapon was activated and used on such person, (III) the injury, if any, suffered by such person against whom the electronic defense weapon was used, and (IV) if the electronic defense weapon that was used had different usage modes, the mode used; and (D) not later than January 15, 2016, and annually thereafter, submit the report to the Criminal Justice Policy and Planning Division within the Office of Policy and Management.
(2) Not later than January 15, 2016, and annually thereafter, a law enforcement agency that does not authorize police officers employed by such agency to use an electronic defense weapon shall submit a report to the Criminal Justice Policy and Planning Division within the Office of Policy and Management stating that such agency does not authorize its officers to use electronic defense weapons.
(c) The Office of Policy and Management shall post the annual reports submitted pursuant to subsection (b) of this section on its Internet web site.
(P.A. 14-149, S. 1.)
History: P.A. 14-149 effective January 1, 2015.
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Sec. 54-2. Conviction and binding over by trial justice. Section 54-2 is repealed.
(1949 Rev., S. 8725; 1957, P.A. 522, S. 2; 1959, P.A. 28, S. 204.)
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Sec. 54-2a. Issuance of bench warrants of arrest, subpoenas, capias and other criminal process. Release conditions. Service of court process. Entry of warrants and process into computer system. (a) In all criminal cases the Superior Court, or any judge thereof, or any judge trial referee specifically designated by the Chief Justice to exercise the authority conferred by this section may issue (1) bench warrants of arrest upon application by a prosecutorial official if the court or judge determines that the affidavit accompanying the application shows that there is probable cause to believe that an offense has been committed and that the person complained against committed it, (2) subpoenas for witnesses, (3) capias for witnesses and for defendants who violate an order of the court regarding any court appearance, and (4) all other criminal process; and may administer justice in all criminal matters.
(b) The court, judge or judge trial referee issuing a bench warrant for the arrest of the person or persons complained against shall, in cases punishable by death, life imprisonment without the possibility of release or life imprisonment, set the conditions of release or indicate that the person or persons named in the warrant shall not be entitled to bail and may, in all other cases, set the conditions of release. The conditions of release, if included in the warrant, shall fix the first of the following conditions which the court, judge or judge trial referee finds necessary to assure such person's appearance in court: (1) Written promise to appear; (2) execution of a bond without surety in no greater amount than necessary; or (3) execution of a bond with surety in no greater amount than necessary.
(c) In lieu of a warrant for the rearrest of any defendant who fails to appear for trial at the place and time specified or on any court date thereafter the court, judge or judge trial referee may issue a capias.
(d) All process issued by said court or any judge thereof, or any judge trial referee shall be served by any proper officer, or an indifferent person when specially directed to do so, and shall be obeyed by any and all persons and officers to whom the same is directed or whom it may concern.
(e) Whenever a warrant or other criminal process is issued under this section or section 53a-32, the court, judge or judge trial referee may cause such warrant or process to be entered into a central computer system in accordance with policies and procedures established by the Chief Court Administrator. Existence of the warrant or other criminal process in the computer system shall constitute prima facie evidence of the issuance of the warrant or process. Any person named in the warrant or other criminal process may be arrested based on the existence of the warrant or process in the computer system and shall, upon any such arrest, be given a copy of the warrant or process.
(1959, P.A. 28, S. 27; February, 1965, P.A. 194, S. 1; 1967, P.A. 10, S. 1; 152, S. 44; 549, S. 10; P.A. 74-183, S. 126, 291; P.A. 76-436, S. 518, 681; P.A. 77-576, S. 38, 65; P.A. 79-216, S. 1; P.A. 80-313, S. 2; P.A. 84-123, S. 2; P.A. 00-209, S. 4; P.A. 01-72, S. 1; P.A. 04-127, S. 8; P.A. 10-43, S. 21; P.A. 12-5, S. 24.)
History: 1965 act added authority of judge to issue subpoenas and warrants; 1967 acts deleted language in last sentence qualifying power of judge as being “when the circuit court is not in session” and, effective October 1, 1968, added provisions for alternatives to bail; P.A. 74-183 replaced circuit court with court of common pleas, effective December 31, 1974; P.A. 76-436 replaced court of common pleas with superior court and deleted references to powers of other unspecified courts and judges, reflecting transfer of all trial jurisdiction to superior court, effective July 1, 1978; P.A. 77-576 added detailed provisions re procedure for issuance of bench warrants and clarified provisions with respect to crimes which are not bailable, effective July 1, 1978; P.A. 79-216 made minor wording changes; P.A. 80-313 divided section into Subsecs., restated power to issue bench warrants in Subsec. (a) and deleted detailed provisions re procedure re issuance of bench warrants and arrests made on bench warrant; P.A. 84-123 amended Subsec. (a) by authorizing the issuance of capias for defendants who violate a court order regarding any court appearance, added a new Subsec. (c) re the issuance of a capias in lieu of a rearrest warrant, and redesignated former Subsec. (c) as Subsec. (d); P.A. 00-209 made technical changes and added new Subsec. (e) authorizing the entry of a rearrest warrant into a central computer system, providing that the existence of the warrant in the computer system is prima facie evidence of its issuance and authorizing the arrest of a person based on the existence of the warrant in the computer system; P.A. 01-72 amended Subsec. (a) by adding “or any judge trial referee specifically designated by the Chief Justice to exercise the authority conferred by this section” and amended Subsecs. (b) to (e) by adding references to judge trial referee; P.A. 04-127 amended Subsec. (e) by deleting reference to “rearrest” warrant and adding reference to Sec. 53a-32; P.A. 10-43 amended Subsec. (e) to make provisions applicable to other criminal process and require that entry of warrant or process into central computer system be in accordance with policies and procedures established by Chief Court Administrator; P.A. 12-5 amended Subsec. (b) to add reference to cases punishable by life imprisonment without possibility of release, effective April 25, 2012.
See Sec. 52-56(d) re execution or service of capias in any precinct by state marshal of any precinct.
See Sec. 54-64b re release following arrest on court warrant.
Cited. 181 C. 562; 187 C. 292; 193 C. 612; 202 C. 443; 205 C. 298; 233 C. 403.
Cited. 27 CA 307.
Cited. 38 CS 377.
Subsec. (b):
Death penalty unconstitutional under Art. I, Secs. 8 and 9 of Connecticut Constitution. 318 C. 1.
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Sec. 54-2b. Transferred to Chapter 960, Sec. 54-56a.
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Sec. 54-2c. Traffic violator need not appear in court, when. Schedule of fines established. Section 54-2c is repealed.
(1967, P.A. 429; 1969, P.A. 455; 1971, P.A. 436; P.A. 74-183, S. 128, 291; P.A. 75-577, S. 123, 126.)
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Sec. 54-2d. Notation in computer network of actions taken by law enforcement agency to execute certain warrants. Not later than thirty days after the entry of the issuance of any rearrest warrant or arrest warrant for a violation of probation into the paperless rearrest warrant network, the law enforcement agency for the municipality in which the accused person resides shall, if such network is available and accessible to such agency, enter a notation in such network of the actions, if any, that have been taken by such agency to execute the warrant and apprehend the accused person.
(P.A. 06-99, S. 2.)
See Sec. 54-108c re availability on Internet of information on outstanding arrest warrants for probation violations.
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Sec. 54-2e. Issuance of rearrest warrant or capias for failure to appear. Unless good cause is shown, no court shall issue a rearrest warrant or a capias for failure to appear as provided in section 53a-173 prior to four o'clock p.m. of the day of the alleged failure to appear.
(P.A. 07-243, S. 3.)
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Secs. 54-3 and 54-4. Issue of warrant after arrest. Trial justice may issue criminal process to be served anywhere in the state. Sections 54-3 and 54-4 are repealed.
(1949 Rev., S. 8722, 8723; 1959, P.A. 28, S. 204.)
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Sec. 54-5. Transferred to Chapter 960, Sec. 54-56f.
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Secs. 54-6 to 54-12. Criminal jurisdiction of municipal courts. Limit of jurisdiction of municipal courts. Jurisdiction over violations concerning overweight commercial vehicles. Bonds on adjournment of hearing. Copies of files and records for Superior Court and state's attorneys on bindover; notice when proceeding pending on seized property. Appointment of court interpreters in municipal and trial justice court. Appeal from municipal court or trial justice. Sections 54-6 to 54-12, inclusive, are repealed.
(1949 Rev., S. 7579, 8726, 8730, 8731, 8733, 8741; 1953, S. 3096d; 1955, S. 3097d; June, 1955, S. 3096d; November, 1955, S. N229; 1959, P.A. 28, S. 138, 204; 1961, P.A. 179; 1963, P.A. 49; 1971, P.A. 321; P.A. 73-116, S. 16; 73-667, S. 1, 2; P.A. 74-183, S. 130, 291; P.A. 76-336, S. 1; 76-436, S. 521, 681.)
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Secs. 54-13 and 54-14. Transferred to Chapter 961, Secs. 54-96a and 54-96b, respectively.
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Secs. 54-15 and 54-16. Binding over on probable cause. Jurisdiction of Common Pleas Court on appeals. Sections 54-15 and 54-16 are repealed.
(1949 Rev., S. 8727, 8742; 1949, S. 3320d; November, 1955, S. N230; 1959, P.A. 28, S. 141, 204; 1963, P.A. 642, S. 61.)
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Sec. 54-17. Transferred to Chapter 961, Sec. 54-95a.
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Sec. 54-17a. Presentation in one judicial district for offenses charged in various districts where defendant to plead guilty. When any person is arrested in any judicial district upon a criminal charge within the jurisdiction of the Superior Court and any indictment or information is pending against him in the superior court for one or more other judicial districts, he may, with his consent and that of the state's attorney for each such judicial district, be presented in the judicial district where the first warrant served upon him originated for all of the offenses to which he intends to plead guilty.
(1961, P.A. 251; P.A. 73-116, S. 17; 73-667, S. 1, 2; P.A. 78-280, S. 2, 4, 127.)
History: P.A. 73-116 added references to judicial districts; P.A. 73-667 changed effective date of P.A. 73-116 from October 1, 1973, to April 25, 1973; P.A. 78-280 deleted references to counties.
Cited. 25 CS 202.
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Sec. 54-18. Transferred to Chapter 890, Sec. 51-353a.
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Secs. 54-18a to 54-21. Transfer of criminal cases between Superior and Common Pleas Court. Certain cases to be tried at first term. Search when cruelty is suspected. Search warrants in cases of cruelty to animals. Sections 54-18a to 54-21, inclusive, are repealed.
(1949 Rev., S. 8724, 8745, 8787; 1959, P.A. 28, S. 143; 1961, P.A. 517, S. 70; 1963, P.A. 642, S. 63; 652, S. 10; 1971, P.A. 590; P.A. 73-116, S. 19; 73-667, S. 1, 2; P.A. 74-183, S. 134, 291; P.A. 76-336, S. 10; 76-436, S. 525, 526, 681.)
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Secs. 54-22 to 54-24. Transferred to Chapter 961, Secs. 54-82i to 54-82k, inclusive.
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Secs. 54-25 and 54-26. Release on recognizance. Witnesses in courts of other states. Sections 54-25 and 54-26 are repealed.
(1949 Rev., S. 8746, 8762; 1959, P.A. 28, S. 147; P.A. 76-336, S. 10; P.A. 80-313, S. 61.)
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Sec. 54-27. Transferred to Chapter 890, Sec. 51-348a.
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Sec. 54-28. Transferred to Chapter 890, Sec. 51-352b.
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Secs. 54-29 to 54-31. Seizure of obscene literature and gambling implements. Illegal articles and implements to be destroyed. Judges of city courts may act. Sections 54-29 to 54-31, inclusive, are repealed.
(1949 Rev., S. 8752–8754; 1959, P.A. 28, S. 148, 204; 1963, P.A. 652, S. 10.)
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Sec. 54-32. Transferred to Chapter 945, Sec. 53-243a.
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*Cited. 14 CA 356.
Sec. 54-33. Search warrants for gambling and lottery implements. Section 54-33 is repealed.
(1949 Rev., S. 8756; 1959, P.A. 28, S. 149; 1963, P.A. 652, S. 10.)
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Sec. 54-33a. Issuance of search warrant, warrant for tracking device or warrant for foreign corporation records or data. No-knock warrants prohibited. (a) As used in sections 54-33a to 54-33g, inclusive, “property” includes, but is not limited to, documents, books, papers, films, recordings, records, data and any other tangible thing; and “tracking device” means an electronic or mechanical device that permits the tracking of the movement of a person or object.
(b) Upon complaint on oath by any state's attorney or assistant state's attorney or by any two credible persons, to any judge of the Superior Court or judge trial referee, that such state's attorney or assistant state's attorney or such persons have probable cause to believe that any property (1) possessed, controlled, designed or intended for use or which is or has been used or which may be used as the means of committing any criminal offense; or (2) which was stolen or embezzled; or (3) which constitutes evidence of an offense, or which constitutes evidence that a particular person participated in the commission of an offense, is within or upon any place, thing or person, such judge or judge trial referee, except as provided in section 54-33j, may issue a warrant commanding a proper officer to enter into or upon such place or thing, search such place, thing or person and take into such officer's custody all such property named in the warrant.
(c) Upon complaint on oath by any state's attorney or assistant state's attorney or by any two credible persons, to any judge of the Superior Court or judge trial referee, that such state's attorney or assistant state's attorney or such persons have probable cause to believe that a criminal offense has been, is being, or will be committed and that the use of a tracking device will yield evidence of the commission of that offense, such judge or judge trial referee may issue a warrant authorizing the installation and use of a tracking device. The complaint shall identify the person on which or the property to, in or on which the tracking device is to be installed, and, if known, the owner of such property.
(d) A warrant may issue only on affidavit sworn to by the complainant or complainants before the judge or judge trial referee and establishing the grounds for issuing the warrant, which affidavit shall be part of the arrest file. If the judge or judge trial referee is satisfied that grounds for the application exist or that there is probable cause to believe that grounds for the application exist, the judge or judge trial referee shall issue a warrant identifying the property and naming or describing the person, place or thing to be searched or authorizing the installation and use of a tracking device and identifying the person on which or the property to, in or on which the tracking device is to be installed. The warrant shall be directed to any police officer of a regularly organized police department or any state police officer, to an inspector in the Division of Criminal Justice, to a conservation officer, special conservation officer or patrolman acting pursuant to section 26-6 or to a sworn motor vehicle inspector acting under the authority of section 14-8. Except for a warrant for the installation and use of a tracking device, the warrant shall state the date and time of its issuance and the grounds or probable cause for its issuance and shall command the officer to search within a reasonable time the person, place or thing named, for the property specified. A warrant for the installation and use of a tracking device shall state the date and time of its issuance and the grounds or probable cause for its issuance and shall command the officer to complete the installation of the device within a specified period not later than ten days after the date of its issuance and authorize the installation and use of the tracking device, including the collection of data through such tracking device, for a reasonable period of time not to exceed thirty days from the date the tracking device is installed. Upon request and a showing of good cause, a judge or judge trial referee may authorize the use of the tracking device for an additional period of thirty days.
(e) No police officer of a regularly organized police department or any state police officer, an inspector in the Division of Criminal Justice, a conservation officer, special conservation officer or patrolman acting pursuant to section 26-6 or a sworn motor vehicle inspector acting under the authority of section 14-8, shall seek, execute or participate in the execution of a no-knock warrant. A search warrant authorized under this section shall require that an officer provide notice of such officer's identity, authority and purpose prior to entering the place to be searched for the execution of such search warrant. Prior to undertaking any search or seizure pursuant to the search warrant, the executing officer shall read and give a copy of the search warrant to the person to be searched or the owner of the place to be searched or, if the owner is not present, to any occupant of the place to be searched. If the place to be searched is unoccupied, the executing officer shall leave a copy of the search warrant suitably affixed to the place to be searched. For purposes of this subsection, “no-knock warrant” means a warrant authorizing police officers to enter certain premises without first knocking and announcing their presence or purpose prior to entering the place to be searched.
(f) A judge or judge trial referee may issue a warrant pursuant to this section for records or data that are in the actual or constructive possession of a foreign corporation or business entity that transacts business in this state, including, but not limited to, a foreign corporation or business entity that provides electronic communication services or remote computing services to the public. Such a warrant may be served on an authorized representative of the foreign corporation or business entity by hand, mail, commercial delivery, facsimile or electronic transmission, provided proof of delivery can be established. When properly served with a warrant issued pursuant to this section, the foreign corporation or business entity shall provide to the applicant all records or data sought by the warrant within fourteen business days of being served with the warrant, unless the judge or judge trial referee determines that a shorter or longer period of time is necessary or appropriate.
(g) The inadvertent failure of the issuing judge or judge trial referee to state on the warrant the time of its issuance shall not in and of itself invalidate the warrant.
(1963, P.A. 652, S. 1, 3; February, 1965, P.A. 439; 574, S. 46; P.A. 74-183, S. 138, 291; P.A. 76-436, S. 530, 681; P.A. 77-504; P.A. 79-14, S. 3; P.A. 80-313, S. 8; P.A. 81-227, S. 3; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 98-1, S. 39, 121; P.A. 00-31; P.A. 01-72, S. 2; P.A. 04-147, S. 2; P.A. 13-271, S. 42; P.A. 14-233, S. 9; P.A. 21-33, S. 7.)
History: 1965 acts authorized search of person and made grammatical correction; P.A. 74-183 replaced circuit court with court of common pleas in Subsec. (b), reflecting reorganization of judicial system, effective December 31, 1974; P.A. 76-436 added reference to assistant state's attorneys and deleted reference to prosecuting attorneys and to court of common pleas in Subsec. (b), reflecting transfer of all trial jurisdiction to superior court, effective July 1, 1978; P.A. 77-504 added Subsec. (b)(3) authorizing issuance of search warrant to discover property constituting evidence of offense or evidence that a person participated in the commission of an offense; P.A. 79-14 added exception re Sec. 54-33j in Subsec. (b)(3); P.A. 80-313 substituted “may” for “shall” in Subsec. (c) provision re issuance of warrant on sworn affidavit; P.A. 81-227 amended Subsec. (c) by authorizing judges to direct search warrants to conservation officers and patrolmen acting pursuant to Sec. 26-6; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 98-1 made a technical change in Subsec. (c), effective June 24, 1998; P.A. 00-31 amended Subsec. (c) to require the warrant to state the date and time of its issuance and to add provision that the inadvertent failure of the issuing judge to state on the warrant the time of its issuance shall not in and of itself invalidate the warrant, and made technical changes in Subsecs. (b) and (c) for purposes of gender neutrality; P.A. 01-72 added references to judge trial referee in Subsecs. (b) and (c); P.A. 04-147 amended Subsec. (c) to authorize a warrant to be directed to an inspector in the Division of Criminal Justice and make a technical change for purposes of gender neutrality; P.A. 13-271 amended Subsec. (c) to authorize warrant to be directed to a sworn motor vehicle inspector acting under authority of Sec. 14-8, effective July 1, 2013; P.A. 14-233 amended Subsec. (a) to add provision defining “tracking device”, added new Subsec. (c) re warrant for tracking device, redesignated existing Subsec. (c) as Subsec. (d) and amended same to add provisions re warrant for tracking device and person or property subject to tracking device, added Subsec. (e) re warrant for records or data in actual or constructive possession of foreign corporation or business entity, designated existing provision re failure to state on warrant time of issuance as Subsec. (f), and made technical changes; P.A. 21-33 added new Subsec. (e) prohibiting no-knock warrants and redesignated existing Subsecs. (e) and (f) as Subsecs. (f) and (g).
See Sec. 54-154 re taxing of expenses in search and seizure cases.
Former statute did not authorize seizure of contraceptive material. 126 C. 428. Under former statute, obscene materials could be seized regardless of who possessed them or of knowledge or intent in such possession. 146 C. 78. This section and sections 54-33b to 54-33g passed subsequent to Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, which held that evidence obtained by unlawful search and seizure is inadmissible in state courts; prior to such passage if search and seizure were incidental to lawful arrest, they were not unreasonable. 149 C. 567. Cited. 153 C. 8. Judge issuing search warrant not required to recite in warrant the grounds on which he found probable cause. Id., 708, 709. Warrant calling for search and seizure of passenger automobile includes whatever was an integral part or component of that automobile, e.g., dust on floor, stains on interior, seats and cushions. 155 C. 145. Neither the recital that affiant had information from reliable informant nor statement that apartment sought to be searched had been under surveillance were sufficient grounds for issuance of warrant; warrant issued was illegal. Id., 385. Cited. 165 C. 239; 169 C. 322; 170 C. 618; 181 C. 562; 196 C. 471; 206 C. 90; 219 C. 529; 224 C. 29; 226 C. 514.
Cited. 10 CA 561; 30 CA 249.
Search and seizure which, though without warrant, is consented to is not within exclusionary rule; but mere acquiescence in and peaceful submission to demands of searching officers is not to be construed as consent; defendant's application for order to return articles illegally seized was denied. 23 CS 41. Where search warrant is issued and executed, presumption is that proper legal procedure was observed and burden is on defendant to overcome presumption. Id., 405. Even though evidence was obtained as result of illegal search and seizure, defendant was not entitled to motion to suppress evidence in advance of trial. 24 CS 36. Arrest for minor traffic violation did not justify search of car without a warrant; if stolen goods were in plain sight, search might have been justified. 25 CS 229. Reference in warrant, after specifying drugs and named instruments for using them, concluded “and any other paraphernalia” which could be used in taking drugs and was too broad; items not specifically mentioned in warrant could not be used in evidence. 28 CS 19. Cited. 41 CS 1.
Where judge had before him no information which permitted him to make an independent judicial determination of the existence of probable cause for the issuance of a search and seizure warrant, the issuance of such warrant was in violation of the constitution and the evidence seized as a result of its execution is not admissible in defendants' trial. 3 Conn. Cir. Ct. 97, 98. An unsigned and undated search warrant is fatally defective, invalid and void and confers no authority to act thereunder. Id., 641, 644. Supporting affidavit sufficient when it recited several instances of information by others of defendant operating his home for pool selling and police surveillance of activity of defendant in community; name of informant need not be disclosed. 4 Conn. Cir. Ct. 603. Cited. 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 44, 46. Motion to suppress evidence obtained by search and seizure under warrant issued fourteen days before actual seizure granted on grounds execution of warrant was not made within reasonable time. Id., 468. Affidavit in support of search warrant for violation of pool selling statute, that set forth underlying circumstances, reasons informants were reliable, actual betting transactions and personal observation of defendant by affiants was sufficient. Id., 669.
Subsec. (b):
Cited. 179 C. 23; 192 C. 98; 229 C. 125.
Cited. 1 CA 315. Possession or control of property is relevant, not ownership. 57 CA 396.
Subsec. (d) (former Subsec. (c)):
Cited. 179 C. 522. Search warrant, unsigned by judge, was not legally “issued”. 184 C. 95. Cited. 188 C. 183. Neither section nor the commonly approved definition of “affidavit” requires assigned jurat; judgment of Appellate Court in 32 CA 402 reversed. 230 C. 24.
Cited. 14 CA 356; 32 CA 402; judgment reversed, see 230 C. 24; 39 CA 369. Provision that “warrant shall state the date and time of its issuance” does not invalidate warrant issued with incorrect time due to scrivener's error. 124 CA 331, see also 307 C. 567.
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Sec. 54-33b. Search of person. (a) A law enforcement official may ask a person if he or she may conduct a search of their person, provided such law enforcement official has reasonable and articulable suspicion that weapons, contraband or other evidence of a crime is contained upon the person, or that the search is reasonably necessary to further an ongoing law enforcement investigation. A law enforcement official who solicits consent to search a person shall, whether or not the consent is granted, complete a police report documenting the reasonable and articulable suspicion for the solicitation of consent, or the facts and circumstances that support the search being reasonably necessary to further an ongoing law enforcement investigation.
(b) A law enforcement official serving a search warrant may, if such official has reason to believe that any of the property described in the warrant is concealed in the garments of any person in or upon the place or thing to be searched, search the person for the purpose of seizing the same. When the person to be searched is a woman, the search shall be made by a female law enforcement official or other woman assisting in the service of the warrant, or by a woman designated by the judge or judge trial referee issuing the warrant.
(1963, P.A. 652, S. 2; P.A. 80-313, S. 9; P.A. 01-72, S. 4; July Sp. Sess. P.A. 20-1, S. 22; P.A. 21-33, S. 6.)
History: P.A. 80-313 rephrased provisions but made no substantive changes; P.A. 01-72 made a technical change for purposes of gender neutrality and added reference to judge trial referee; July Sp. Sess. P.A. 20-1 added Subsec. (a) re consent of a person, designated existing language as Subsec. (b) and made technical changes; P.A. 21-33 amended Subsec. (a) by replacing provision re person's consent to search of person not to constitute justification absent probable cause with provisions re law enforcement official permitted to ask to conduct search provided certain conditions exist and requirement to complete police report documenting suspicion for solicitation of consent or facts and circumstances supporting necessity of search.
Origin of former statute re search of person. 126 C. 433.
Cited. 28 CS 23.
Cited. 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 44, 46. Search of person on premises of store searched under warrant was constitutional as statute provides for reasonable searches and seizes, not unreasonable ones. Id., 637.
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Sec. 54-33c. Warrant application, affidavits, execution and return. Copies. Orders. (a) The applicant for a search warrant shall file the application for the warrant and all affidavits upon which the warrant is based with the clerk of the court for the geographical area within which any person who may be arrested in connection with or subsequent to the execution of the search warrant would be presented with the return of the warrant. Upon the arrest of any person in connection with or subsequent to the execution of the search warrant, the law enforcement agency that arrested the person shall notify the clerk of such court of the return of the warrant by completing a form prescribed by the Chief Court Administrator and filing such form with the clerk together with any applicable uniform arrest report or misdemeanor summons.
(b) Except for a warrant for the installation and use of a tracking device: (1) The warrant shall be executed within ten days and returned with reasonable promptness consistent with due process of law and shall be accompanied by a written inventory of all property seized; (2) a copy of such warrant shall be given to the owner or occupant of the dwelling, structure, motor vehicle or place designated in the warrant, or the person named in the warrant; and (3) within forty-eight hours of such search, a copy of the application for the warrant and a copy of all affidavits upon which the warrant is based shall be given to such owner, occupant or person. The judge or judge trial referee may, by order, dispense with the requirement of giving a copy of the affidavits to such owner, occupant or person at such time if the applicant for the warrant files a detailed affidavit with the judge or judge trial referee which demonstrates to the judge or judge trial referee that (A) the personal safety of a confidential informant would be jeopardized by the giving of a copy of the affidavits at such time, or (B) the search is part of a continuing investigation which would be adversely affected by the giving of a copy of the affidavits at such time, or (C) the giving of a copy of the affidavits at such time would require disclosure of information or material prohibited from being disclosed by chapter 959a.
(c) A warrant for the installation and use of a tracking device shall be returned with reasonable promptness consistent with due process of law and after the period authorized for tracking, including any extension period authorized under subsection (d) of section 54-33a, has expired. Within ten days after the use of the tracking device has ended, a copy of the application for the warrant and a copy of all affidavits upon which the warrant is based shall be given to the person who was tracked or the owner of the property to, in or on which the tracking device was installed. The judge or judge trial referee may, by order, dispense with the requirement of giving a copy of the affidavits to the person who was tracked or the owner of the property to, in or on which the tracking device was installed if the applicant for the warrant files a detailed affidavit with the judge or judge trial referee which demonstrates to the judge or judge trial referee that (1) the personal safety of a confidential informant would be jeopardized by the giving of a copy of the affidavits at such time, or (2) the search is part of a continuing investigation which would be adversely affected by the giving of a copy of the affidavits at such time, or (3) the giving of a copy of the affidavits at such time would require disclosure of information or material prohibited from being disclosed by chapter 959a.
(d) If the judge or judge trial referee dispenses with the requirement of giving a copy of the affidavits at such time pursuant to subsection (b) or (c) of this section, such order shall not affect the right of such owner, occupant or person to obtain such copy at any subsequent time. No such order shall limit the disclosure of such affidavits to the attorney for a person arrested in connection with or subsequent to the execution of a search warrant unless, upon motion of the prosecuting authority within two weeks of such person's arraignment, the court finds that the state's interest in continuing nondisclosure substantially outweighs the defendant's right to disclosure.
(e) Any order entered pursuant to subsection (b) or (c) of this section dispensing with the requirement of giving a copy of the affidavits to such owner, occupant or person shall be for a specific period of time, not to exceed (1) two weeks beyond the date the warrant is executed, or (2) with respect to a warrant for the installation and use of a tracking device, two weeks after any extension period authorized under subsection (d) of section 54-33a has expired. Within the applicable time period set forth in subdivision (1) or (2) of this subsection, the prosecuting authority may seek an extension of such period of time. Upon the execution and return of the warrant, affidavits which have been the subject of such an order shall remain in the custody of the clerk's office in a secure location apart from the remainder of the court file.
(1963, P.A. 652, S. 4; 1971, P.A. 291; P.A. 76-155; P.A. 85-306; P.A. 89-247; P.A. 97-40, S. 8; P.A. 99-215, S. 9; P.A. 01-72, S. 5; P.A. 14-233, S. 10.)
History: 1971 act set ten-day deadline for execution of warrant and required that copy of warrant be given to owner or occupant of dwelling, structure etc. to be searched or to the person named in the warrant; P.A. 76-155 set 48-hour deadline for giving copy of warrant and added provisions re requirement that copy of warrant application, affidavits be given to owner, occupant or person named in warrant; P.A. 85-306 required the applicant to file a detailed affidavit with the judge before the judge may dispense with the requirement of giving a copy of the affidavits; P.A. 89-247 added provisions re filing of copy of search warrant application with clerk of court, re prohibition of clerks' disclosing information pertinent to the application, re protection of rights of an arrested person's attorney to disclosure of affidavits and re time limits on orders which dispense with requirement that copy of warrant application and affidavits be given to interested parties within 48 hours and divided section into Subsecs.; P.A. 97-40 changed “issuance” to “execution” of warrant in Subsec. (a); P.A. 99-215 amended Subsec. (a) by deleting provision requiring filing of copy of warrant and that search be conducted within one business day of execution and prohibiting clerk from disclosure of information re application or affidavits of search warrant and substituting provision that any person arrested in connection with or subsequent to execution of search warrant would be presented with return of warrant; P.A. 01-72 amended Subsec. (a) by adding references to judge trial referee; P.A. 14-233 amended Subsec. (a) to add provision requiring law enforcement agency that arrests person in execution of search warrant to notify clerk of court, designated existing provisions re execution of warrant as new Subsec. (b) and amended same to add provision re exception for warrant for tracking device, insert Subdiv. (1) to (3) designators and redesignate existing Subdivs. (1) to (3) as Subparas. (A) to (C), added Subsec. (c) re return of warrant for tracking device, 10-day deadline for giving copy of application for warrant and affidavits after tracking device use has ended, and exception to requirement to give copy of affidavits, designated existing provisions re dispensing of requirement to give copy of affidavits as Subsec. (d), redesignated existing Subsec. (b) as Subsec. (e) and amended same to designate existing provision re 2 weeks beyond date warrant is executed as Subdiv. (1) and add Subdiv. (2) re warrant for installation and use of tracking device, and made technical and conforming changes.
Return on search warrant, not defective. 163 C. 107. Cited. 165 C. 239; 239 C. 793.
Cited. 7 CA 265; 10 CA 347; 14 CA 356; 15 CA 251; 18 CA 477.
Cited. 28 CS 23. Omission of signature from copies of warrant and affidavits served on defendant held harmless error; exclusionary rule discussed. 35 CS 225. Cited. 36 CS 570; 40 CS 20.
Cited. 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 44, 46. Execution of search and seizure warrant 14 days after its issuance held unreasonable lapse of time although officers' daily surveillance made this the opportune date for search; motion to suppress evidence seized granted. Id., 468.
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Sec. 54-33d. Interference with search. Any person who forcibly assaults, resists, opposes, impedes, intimidates or interferes with any person authorized to serve or execute search warrants or to make searches and seizures while engaged in the performance of his duties with regard thereto or on account of the performance of such duties, shall be fined not more than one thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than one year or both; and any person who in committing any violation of this section uses any deadly or dangerous weapon shall be fined not more than ten thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than ten years or both.
(1963, P.A. 652, S. 5.)
Cited. 165 C. 239.
Cited. 11 CA 47; 24 CA 330. Act of clenching mouth shut to avert DNA swab constitutes use of physical force to evade search warrant in violation of section. 144 CA 353.
Cited. 30 CS 211.
Cited. 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 176.
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Sec. 54-33e. Destruction of property. Any person who, before, during or after seizure of any property by any police officer authorized to make searches and seizures, in order to prevent the seizure or securing of any property named in the warrant by such police officer, breaks, destroys or removes or causes the breaking, destruction or removal of the same, shall be fined not more than one thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than one year or both.
(1963, P.A. 652, S. 6.)
Cited. 165 C. 239; 173 C. 450.
Cited. 26 CA 667.
Cited. 30 CS 211.
Cited. 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 44, 46; 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 176.
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Sec. 54-33f. Motion for return of unlawfully seized property and suppression as evidence. (a) A person aggrieved by search and seizure may move the court which has jurisdiction of such person's case or, if such jurisdiction has not yet been invoked, then the court which issued the warrant, or the court in which such person's case is pending, for the return of the property and to suppress for use as evidence anything so obtained on the ground that: (1) The property was seized without a warrant, or (2) the warrant is insufficient on its face, or (3) the property seized is not that described in the warrant, or (4) there was not probable cause for believing the existence of the grounds on which the warrant was issued, or (5) the warrant was illegally executed. In no case may the judge or judge trial referee who signed the warrant preside at the hearing on the motion.
(b) The motion shall be made before trial or hearing unless opportunity therefor did not exist or the defendant was not aware of the grounds for the motion, but the court in its discretion may entertain the motion at the trial or hearing.
(c) The court shall receive evidence on any issue of fact necessary to the decision of the motion. If the motion is granted, the property shall be restored unless otherwise subject to lawful detention and it shall not be admissible in evidence at any hearing or trial.
(1963, P.A. 652, S. 7; 1967, P.A. 4; 1969, P.A. 292, S. 1; P.A. 80-313, S. 10; P.A. 01-72, S. 6.)
History: 1967 act added proviso prohibiting judge who signed warrant from presiding at hearing on motion; 1969 act authorized aggrieved person to make motion “in the court in which his case is pending” for return of property and to suppress its use as evidence; P.A. 80-313 reorganized provisions and divided section into Subsecs.; P.A. 01-72 amended Subsec. (a) by making technical changes for purposes of gender neutrality and adding reference to judge trial referee.
History discussed. 152 C. 90. Cited. 154 C. 314, 321. Neither statement that affiant had information from reliable informant nor that apartment sought to be searched had been under police surveillance was sufficient grounds for issuance of warrant, hence search warrant was illegal. 155 C. 385. Motion to suppress evidence consisting of several marked bills found on defendant immediately after he was observed selling narcotics to an informer, obtained by search incident to his lawful arrest for commission of felony of illegal sale of narcotics, properly denied. Id., 516. Ruling denying defendant's motion to suppress evidence of narcotics seized by arresting officer from stolen car in defendant's possession without obtaining search warrant was superseded by ruling during trial admitting narcotics as evidence; where defendant driver of stolen car had been arrested and drugs were found in car on custodial search by arresting officer, motion to suppress use of drugs in evidence properly denied. 159 C. 201. Cited. 169 C. 322. Person aggrieved by search and seizure may move to suppress for use as evidence anything obtained upon warrant when there is not probable cause for believing the existence of grounds for warrant. 170 C. 618. Cited. 195 C. 668; 216 C. 150, see also 26 CA 423, 27 CA 291, 223 C. 902 and 225 C. 10, reversing judgment of Appellate Court in State v. Marsala; 223 C. 903; 226 C. 514; 239 C. 793.
Cited. 10 CA 561; 14 CA 605; 15 CA 251; 27 CA 370; 31 CA 548.
Use of motion to suppress. 29 CS 423. Motion to dismiss, motion to suppress, difference. 30 CS 211. Section implements fourth amendment of U.S. Constitution and Art. I, Sec. 7 of the Connecticut Constitution and is analogous to rule 41 of Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure; purposes of rule. 33 CS 129.
Evidence obtained by an immediate search of defendant's apartment after her arrest for liquor violation was admissible; search without warrant was an incident to a lawful arrest. 4 Conn. Cir. Ct. 125. Where officers went beyond directives of warrant for search of defendant and certain premises and searched automobiles, evidence obtained was suppressed, but articles taken were not returned in absence of demand or request. Id., 422, 423. Property sought to be suppressed was voluntarily handed over to police officers by defendant's wife who was not party to defendant's appeal; he has no standing to claim violation of wife's constitutional rights as these are personal to her. Id., 605. Testimony or information, although not tangible, come within purview of statute. 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 44. Although not expressly required, it is better practice for motion to suppress to be in writing. Id., 51. Motion by defendant to suppress evidence seized in search of his car dismissed by Circuit Court where prosecuting attorney had instituted bindover proceedings in Superior Court. Id., 119. While it is better practice to test legality of seizure in preliminary hearing, court may entertain motion to suppress at trial; officers did not search for papers where they had defendant under surveillance in his store and saw him putting papers under rafters of hatchway and picked them up upon arrest. Id., 613. Where there was probable cause to believe that defendant was in business of pool selling from allegations of affidavit, search warrant was properly issued. Id, 669. Burden of proof relative to the illegality of search and seizure is on accused; newspaper, policy sheet and pen discarded by accused were abandoned property and apprehension of them by police is not seizure of defendant's property. 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 17. Doctrine of retroactivity not applied to procedural problem of this kind. Id., 192, 194. Motion to suppress must specify item to be suppressed. Id., 454. Cited. Id., 574, 584.
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Sec. 54-33g. Forfeiture of moneys and property related to commission of criminal offense. In rem proceeding. Disposition. Secondary evidence of forfeited property. (a) When any property believed to be possessed, controlled, designed or intended for use or which is or has been used or which may be used as a means of committing any criminal offense, or which constitutes the proceeds of the commission of any criminal offense, except a violation of section 21a-267, 21a-277, 21a-278, 21a-278b or 21a-279, has been seized as a result of a lawful arrest or a lawful search that results in an arrest, which the state claims to be a nuisance and desires to have destroyed or disposed of in accordance with the provisions of this section, the Chief State's Attorney or a deputy chief state's attorney, state's attorney or assistant or deputy assistant state's attorney may petition the court not later than ninety days after the seizure, in the nature of a proceeding in rem, to order forfeiture of such property. Such proceeding shall be deemed a civil suit in equity, in which the state shall have the burden of proving all material facts by clear and convincing evidence. The court shall identify the owner of such property and any other person as appears to have an interest in such property, and order the state to give notice to such owner and any interested person by certified or registered mail.
(b) The court shall hold a hearing on the petition filed pursuant to subsection (a) of this section not more than two weeks after the criminal proceeding that occurred as a result of the arrest has been nolled, dismissed or otherwise disposed of. The court shall deny the petition and return the property to the owner if the criminal proceeding does not result in (1) a plea of guilty or nolo contendere to any offense charged in the same criminal information, (2) a guilty verdict after trial to a forfeiture-eligible offense for which the property was possessed, controlled, designed or intended for use, or which was or had been used as a means of committing such offense, or which constitutes the proceeds of the commission of such offense, or (3) a dismissal resulting from the completion of a pretrial diversionary program.
(c) If the court finds the allegations made in such petition to be true and that the property has been possessed, controlled or designed for use, or is or has been or is intended to be used, with intent to violate or in violation of any of the criminal laws of this state, or constitutes the proceeds of a violation of any of the criminal laws of this state, except a violation of section 21a-267, 21a-277, 21a-278, 21a-278b or 21a-279, and that a plea of guilty or nolo contendere to such offense or another charge in the same criminal information, or a guilty verdict after trial for such forfeiture-eligible offense, or a dismissal resulting from the completion of a pretrial diversionary program has been entered, the court shall render judgment that such property is a nuisance and order the property to be destroyed or disposed of to a charitable or educational institution or to a governmental agency or institution, except that if any such property is subject to a bona fide mortgage, assignment of lease or rent, lien or security interest, such property shall not be so destroyed or disposed of in violation of the rights of the holder of such mortgage, assignment of lease or rent, lien or security interest.
(d) (1) When the condemned property is money (A) on and after October 1, 2014, and prior to July 1, 2016, the court shall order that such money be distributed as follows: (i) Seventy per cent shall be allocated to the law enforcement agency, including the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection and local police departments, responsible for investigating the criminal violation and seizing the money, and such local police departments shall use such money for the detection, investigation, apprehension and prosecution of persons for the violation of criminal laws, and any money allocated to the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection shall be deposited in the General Fund; (ii) twenty per cent shall be deposited in the Criminal Injuries Compensation Fund established in section 54-215; and (iii) ten per cent shall be allocated to the Division of Criminal Justice and deposited in the General Fund; and (B) on and after July 1, 2016, such money shall be deposited in the General Fund.
(2) When the condemned property is a valuable prize, which is subject to a bona fide mortgage, assignment of lease or rent, lien or security interest, such property shall remain subject to such mortgage, assignment of lease or rent, lien or security interest.
(e) When any property or valuable prize has been declared a nuisance and condemned under this section, the court may also order that such property be sold in accordance with procedures approved by the Commissioner of Administrative Services. Proceeds of such sale shall first be allocated toward the balance of any mortgage, assignment of lease or rent, lien or security interest, and the remaining proceeds of such sale, if any, shall be allocated in accordance with subparagraphs (A) to (C), inclusive, of subdivision (1) of subsection (d) of this section. In any criminal prosecution, secondary evidence of property condemned and destroyed pursuant to this section shall be admissible against the defendant to the same extent as such evidence would have been admissible had the property not been condemned and destroyed.
(f) If the court finds the allegations not to be true, irrespective of the findings in the criminal proceeding, or that the property has not been kept with intent to violate or in violation of the criminal laws of this state, or that the property does not constitute the proceeds of a violation of the criminal laws of this state, or that the property is the property of a person who is not a defendant, the court shall order the property returned to the owner forthwith and the party in possession of such property pending such determination shall be responsible and personally liable for such property from the time of seizure and shall immediately comply with such order.
(g) Failure of the state to proceed against such property in accordance with the provisions of this section shall not prevent the use of such property as evidence in any criminal trial.
(1963, P.A. 652, S. 8; February, 1965, P.A. 215; 574, S. 47; 1972, P.A. 49; P.A. 75-54, S. 1, 3; P.A. 76-77, S. 4; 76-436, S. 531, 681; P.A. 80-313, S. 11; P.A. 84-540, S. 4, 7; P.A. 87-294, S. 1; P.A. 89-269, S. 3; P.A. 14-233, S. 1; P.A. 17-193, S. 1; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 21-1, S. 157.)
History: 1965 acts specified applicability of provisions to seized property “which the state claims to be a nuisance and desires to have destroyed or disposed of in accordance with the provisions of this section” and added provision allowing use of property which state has failed to proceed against as evidence in criminal trial; 1972 act referred to property “possessed, controlled or designed for use ... or intended to be used” in violation of criminal laws rather than to property “kept” in connection with violation of law and added proviso re superior court's assumption of trial jurisdiction; P.A. 75-54 changed deadline for issuing summons from 48 hours after seizure to 10 days after seizure and clarified applicability re property which is subject to liens; P.A. 76-77 added provision re sale of property at public auction; P.A. 76-436 replaced prosecuting attorneys with assistant state's attorneys and deleted proviso re superior court's assumption of trial jurisdiction rendered obsolete because of transfer of all trial jurisdiction to that court, effective July 1, 1978; P.A. 80-313 divided section into Subsecs. and moved provision re final destruction or disposal of property but made no substantive changes; P.A. 84-540 deleted reference in Subsec. (a) to property seized “pursuant to subdivision (1) of subsection (b) of section 54-33a” and substituted reference to property “believed to be possessed, controlled, designed or intended for use or which is or has been used as a means of committing any criminal offense” seized “as a result of a search incident to an arrest, a warrantless arrest or a search warrant”; expanded provision in Subsec. (a) requiring judge or court “issuing the warrant” to issue a summons to include judge or court “before whom the arrested person is to be arraigned”; P.A. 87-294 amended Subsec. (c) to specify that property which is money shall be deposited in the general fund; P.A. 89-269 amended Subsec. (a) to add exception for “a violation of section 21a-267, 21a-277, 21a-278 or 21a-279”, to require that the property has been seized as a result of a “lawful arrest or lawful search” rather than a “search incident to an arrest, a warrantless arrest or a search warrant”, and to delete provision that the summons notify the owner to appear “then and there to show cause why such property should not be adjudged a nuisance and ordered to be destroyed or otherwise disposed of as herein provided”, amended Subsec. (b) to place on the state's attorney or assistant state's attorney “the burden of proving all material facts by clear and convincing evidence” and amended Subsec. (c) to add exception for “a violation of section 21a-267, 21a-277, 21a-278 or 21a-279”; P.A. 14-233 substantially revised section by amending Subsec. (a) to add provision making section applicable to proceeds of commission of a criminal offense and replacing provisions re judge or court issuing warrant and summons with provisions authorizing state's attorney to petition court, after seizure of property, for forfeiture order in a civil proceeding in rem after notice to owner or interested party by certified or registered mail, deleting former Subsec. (b) re owner of property claiming interest, redesignating existing Subsec. (c) as Subsec. (b), inserting new Subsec. (c)(1) and (2) designators, replacing provision re money or prize seized with provisions re distribution of money, adding provisions re when property is a valuable prize, designating existing provisions re nuisance as new Subsec. (d) and amending same to replace provisions re sale at public auction and use of property as evidence with provisions re sale in accordance with procedures approved by Commissioner of Administrative Services, allocation of balance of proceeds and admissibility of secondary evidence of condemned property, redesignating existing Subsecs. (d) and (e) as Subsecs. (e) and (f), and making technical and conforming changes; P.A. 17-193 amended Subsec. (a) by adding “that results in an arrest” re property seized as a result of a lawful search and deleting provision re court to promptly hold hearing on petition, added new Subsec. (b) re hearing on petition after criminal proceeding has been nolled, dismissed or otherwise disposed of and denial of petition and return of property to owner, redesignated existing Subsec. (b) as Subsec. (c) and amended same to add provision re plea of guilty or nolo contendere or dismissal resulting from completion of pretrial diversionary program, redesignated Subsecs. (c) to (f) as Subsecs. (d) to (g), amended redesignated Subsec. (f) to add “irrespective of the findings in the criminal proceeding”, and made technical and conforming changes; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 21-1 amended Subsecs. (a) and (c) to add reference to Sec. 21a-278b, effective July 1, 2021.
Origin of former statute. 126 C. 433. Under former statute, obscene materials could be destroyed regardless of who possessed them or of knowledge or intent in such possession. 146 C. 78. Intervening federal tax lien has precedence over state's inchoate claim which is not perfected until a final adjudication of forfeiture. 176 C. 339. Cited. 192 C. 98; 194 C. 589; 196 C. 471; 204 C. 259; 207 C. 743.
Statute requires that the issuance of the warrant, pursuant to which the property sought to be confiscated is seized, precede the seizure and that the seizure take place pursuant to that warrant. 1 CA 315. Statute, being a forfeiture statute, must be read and applied strictly. 5 CA 540. Cited. 15 CA 589; 19 CA 195; Id., 588; 39 CA 40.
Cited. 36 CS 551.
Seizure warrant is prerequisite to condemnation of gambling device; action to condemn is civil and state has right to appeal. 2 Conn. Cir. Ct. 399. Cited. 3 Conn. Cir. Ct. 96. Defendant's lack of knowledge his car was being used by person to whom he entrusted it for policy playing is no defense to forfeiture proceeding. 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 1. Cited. Id., 44, 46; 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 283. Not a criminal statute, but provides for forfeiture of car used in violation of law by in rem civil action. Id., 284.
Subsec. (a):
Time limit is directory, not mandatory. 19 CA 195. Cited. 23 CA 724.
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Sec. 54-33h. (Formerly Sec. 53-279). Arrest of keeper of gambling equipment; seizure and disposition of property. Section 54-33h is repealed.
(1949 Rev., S. 8656; 1959, P.A. 28, S. 191; 1963, P.A. 652, S. 9; 1969, P.A. 169; P.A. 73-455, S. 9.)
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Sec. 54-33i. “Journalist”, “news organization” and “news” defined. For the purposes of this section and sections 54-33a and 54-33j:
(1) “Journalist” means a person engaged in the business of investigating, collecting or writing news, or of supervising such activity, with the intent of publication or presentation or for publication or presentation to the public through a news organization.
(2) “News organization” means (A) an individual, partnership, corporation or other association engaged in the business, whether or not for profit, of (i) publishing a newspaper or other periodical that reports news events and that is issued at regular intervals or has a general circulation; or (ii) providing newsreels or other motion picture news for public showing; or (iii) broadcasting news to the public by wire, radio, television or facsimile; and (B) a press association or other association of individuals, partnerships, corporations or other associations described in subparagraph (A) of this subdivision or in subdivision (1) of this section engaged in gathering news and disseminating it to its members for publication.
(3) “News” means any compilation of facts, theories, rumors or opinions concerning any subject for the purpose of informing the public.
(P.A. 79-14, S. 1; P.A. 80-313, S. 12.)
History: P.A. 80-313 replaced alphabetic Subdiv. indicators with numeric indicators and made corresponding format changes in Subpara. indicators but made no substantive changes.
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Sec. 54-33j. Issuance of search warrant for property of journalist or news organization. (a) No search warrant, as provided in section 54-33a, may be issued to search any place or seize anything in the possession, custody or control of any journalist or news organization unless such warrant is issued upon probable cause that such person or organization has committed or is committing the offense related to the property named in the warrant or such property constitutes contraband or an instrumentality of a crime.
(b) Nothing in this section shall be construed as limiting the right to subpoena any such evidence if such subpoena is otherwise permitted by law.
(P.A. 79-14, S. 2.)
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Sec. 54-33k. “Strip search” defined. For the purposes of this section and section 54-33l, “strip search” means having an arrested person remove or arrange some or all of his or her clothing or, if an arrested person refuses to remove or arrange his or her clothing, having a peace officer or employee of the police department remove or arrange the clothing of the arrested person so as to permit a visual inspection of the genitals, buttocks, anus, female breasts or undergarments used to clothe said anatomical parts of the body.
(P.A. 80-93, S. 1; P.A. 81-234, S. 1.)
History: P.A. 81-234 amended the definition of strip search to include the removing or arranging of the clothing of an arrested person by a peace officer or an employee of the police department when the arrested person refuses to remove or arrange the clothing.
Section does not address those strip searches that are conducted incident to lawful arrest on a felony charge. 82 CA 111.
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Sec. 54-33l. Strip searches. Procedure. (a) No person arrested for a motor vehicle violation or a misdemeanor shall be strip searched unless there is reasonable belief that the individual is concealing a weapon, a controlled substance or contraband.
(b) No search of any body cavity other than the mouth shall be conducted without a search warrant. Any warrant authorizing a body cavity search shall specify that the search is required to be performed under sanitary conditions and conducted either by or under the supervision of a person licensed to practice medicine in accordance with chapter 370.
(c) All strip searches shall be performed by a person of the same sex as the arrested person and on premises where the search cannot be observed by persons not physically conducting the search or not absolutely necessary to conduct the search.
(d) Any peace officer or employee of a police department conducting a strip search shall (1) obtain the written permission of the police chief or an agent thereof designated for the purposes of authorizing a strip search in accordance with this section and section 54-33k and (2) prepare a report of the strip search. The report shall include the written authorization required by subdivision (1) of this subsection, the name of the person subjected to the search, the name of any person conducting the search and the time, date and place of the search. A copy of the report shall be provided to the person subjected to the search.
(e) Nothing in this section shall preclude prosecution of a peace officer or employee under any other provision of the general statutes.
(f) Nothing in this section shall be construed as limiting any statutory or common law rights of any person for purposes of any civil action or injunctive relief.
(g) The provisions of this section and section 54-33k shall not apply when the person is remanded to a correctional institution pursuant to a court order.
(P.A. 80-93, S. 2; P.A. 81-234, S. 2.)
History: P.A. 81-234 amended Subsec. (a) to clarify the exception to the prohibition on strip searches and to provide that a person may be strip searched if there is reasonable belief he is concealing contraband, amended Subsec. (b) by replacing “licensed practitioner, as defined in section 20-184a” with “person licensed to practice medicine in accordance with chapter 370”, and amended Subsec. (c) by providing that a strip search shall be performed where it cannot be observed by persons not absolutely necessary to conduct it.
Section does not address those strip searches that are conducted incident to lawful arrest on a felony charge. 82 CA 111. Language of section suggests that a strip search and a body cavity search are two discrete searches and, therefore, when a search constitutes a strip search, it does not necessarily amount to a body cavity search under statute; although the two types of searches appear within same statutory provision, the two terms are used independently of each other. 105 CA 179.
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Sec. 54-33m. Failure to wear seat belt not probable cause for vehicle search. The failure of an operator of, or passenger in, a private passenger motor vehicle or vanpool vehicle to wear a seat safety belt as required by section 14-100a shall not constitute probable cause for a law enforcement official to conduct a search of such vehicle and its contents.
(P.A. 85-429, S. 7, 8; P.A. 21-175, S. 16.)
History: P.A. 21-175 deleted “front seat”.
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Sec. 54-33n. Search of school lockers and property. All local and regional boards of education and all private elementary and secondary schools may authorize the search by school or law enforcement officials of lockers and other school property available for use by students for the presence of weapons, contraband or the fruits of a crime if (1) the search is justified at its inception and (2) the search as actually conducted is reasonably related in scope to the circumstances which justified the interference in the first place. A search is justified at its inception when there are reasonable grounds for suspecting that the search will turn up evidence that the student has violated or is violating either the law or the rules of the school. A search is reasonably related in scope when the measures adopted are reasonably related to the objectives of the search and not excessively intrusive in light of the age and sex of the student and the nature of the infraction.
(P.A. 94-115.)
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Sec. 54-33o. Search of vehicle stopped solely for a motor vehicle violation. (a)(1) No law enforcement official may ask an operator of a motor vehicle to conduct a search of a motor vehicle or the contents of the motor vehicle that is stopped by a law enforcement official solely for a motor vehicle violation.
(2) Any search by a law enforcement official of a motor vehicle or the contents of the motor vehicle that is stopped by a law enforcement official solely for a motor vehicle violation shall be (A) based on probable cause, or (B) after having received the unsolicited consent to such search from the operator of the motor vehicle in written form or recorded by body-worn recording equipment or a dashboard camera, each as defined in section 29-6d.
(b) No law enforcement official may ask an operator of a motor vehicle to provide any documentation or identification other than an operator's license, motor vehicle registration, insurance identity card or other documentation or identification directly related to the stop, when the motor vehicle has been stopped solely for a motor vehicle violation, unless there exists probable cause to believe that a felony or misdemeanor offense has been committed or the operator has failed to produce a valid operator's license.
(July Sp. Sess. P.A. 20-1, S. 21.)
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Sec. 54-33p. Restrictions on cannabis-related stop or search of a person or motor vehicle. (a) Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, the existence of any of the following circumstances shall not constitute in part or in whole probable cause or reasonable suspicion and shall not be used as a basis to support any stop or search of a person or motor vehicle:
(1) The odor of cannabis or burnt cannabis;
(2) The possession of or the suspicion of possession of cannabis without evidence that the quantity of cannabis is or suspected to be in excess of five ounces of cannabis plant material, as defined in section 21a-279a, or an equivalent amount of cannabis products or a combination of cannabis and cannabis products, as provided in subsection (i) of section 21a-279a; or
(3) The presence of cash or currency in proximity to cannabis without evidence that such cash or currency exceeds five hundred dollars.
(b) Any evidence discovered as a result of any stop or search conducted in violation of this section shall not be admissible in evidence in any trial, hearing or other proceeding in a court of this state.
(c) A law enforcement official may conduct a test for impairment based on the odor of cannabis or burnt cannabis if such official reasonably suspects the operator of violating section 14-227a, 14-227m or 14-227n.
(d) The provisions of this section shall not apply to a probation officer supervising a probationer who, as a condition of probation, is prohibited from using or possessing cannabis.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 21-1, S. 18; P.A. 22-26, S. 38; 22-40, S. 12.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 21-1 effective July 1, 2021; P.A. 22-26 added Subsec. (d) re section not applying to probation officer supervising probationer who is prohibited from using or possessing cannabis, effective May 10, 2022; P.A. 22-40 amended Subsec. (c) to delete “or a passenger of a motor vehicle” and delete reference to Sec. 14-227, effective July 1, 2022.
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Secs. 54-34 and 54-35. Search of person. Condemnation of gambling implements, notice. Sections 54-34 and 54-35 are repealed.
(1949 Rev., S. 8757, 8758; 1961, P.A. 214; 255, S. 1; 1963, P.A. 652, S. 10.)
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*Cited. 26 CA 910.
Sec. 54-36. Disposition of property held as evidence. Section 54-36 is repealed.
(1949 Rev., S. 8759; 1969, P.A. 699, S. 31; P.A. 73-116, S. 22; 73-667, S. 1, 2; P.A. 74-221, S. 9.)
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Sec. 54-36a. Definitions. Inventory. Return of stolen property. Disposition of other seized property. Return of compliance. (a) As used in this section, sections 53-278c and 54-36c: (1) “Contraband” means any property, the possession of which is prohibited by any provision of the general statutes; (2) “stolen property” shall include, but not be limited to, cash or the proceeds from the sale of such property obtained by theft or other illegal means; (3) “owner” means a person or persons entitled to seized property as a matter of law or fact.
(b) (1) Whenever property is seized in connection with a criminal arrest or seized pursuant to a search warrant without an arrest, the law enforcement agency seizing such property shall file, on forms provided for this purpose by the Office of the Chief Court Administrator, an inventory of the property seized. The inventory, together with the uniform arrest report, in the case of an arrest, shall be filed with the clerk of the court for the geographical area in which the criminal offense is alleged to have been committed; except, when the property is stolen property and, in the opinion of the law enforcement officer, does not exceed one thousand dollars in value, or when an attempt was made to steal the property but the property at all times remained on the premises in a sealed container, the filing of an inventory shall not be required and such property may be returned to the owner. In the case of property seized in connection with a search warrant without an arrest, the inventory shall be attached to the warrant and shall be filed with the clerk of the court for the geographical area in which the search warrant was issued. If any criminal proceeding is transferred to another court location, then the clerk with whom the inventory is filed shall transfer such inventory to the clerk of the court location to which such action is transferred.
(2) If the seized property is stolen property, within ten days of the seizure, the law enforcement agency seizing the property shall notify the owner of the property if known, or, if the owner of the property is unknown at the time of seizure, such agency shall within ten days of any subsequent ascertainment of the owner notify such owner, and, on a form prescribed by the Office of the Chief Court Administrator, advise the owner of such owner's rights concerning the property and the location of the property. Such written notice shall include a request form for the return of the property. The owner may request the return of the property by filing such request form with such law enforcement agency, and upon receipt of such request, the law enforcement agency shall forward it to the clerk of the court for the geographical area in which the criminal offense is alleged to have been committed. The clerk of the court shall notify the defendant or defendants of the request to return the property. The court shall order the return of the property within thirty days of the date of filing such return request by the owner, except that for good cause shown, the court may order retention of the property for a period to be determined by the court. Any secondary evidence of the identity, description or value of such property shall be admissible in evidence against such defendant in the trial of such case. The fact that the evidence is secondary in nature may be shown to affect the weight of such evidence, but not to affect its admissibility. If the stolen property is a motor vehicle, a photograph of the motor vehicle and a sworn affidavit attesting to the vehicle identification number of such motor vehicle shall be sufficient evidence of the identity of the motor vehicle. For the purposes of this subdivision, “motor vehicle” means a passenger or commercial motor vehicle or a motorcycle, as defined in section 14-1, and includes construction equipment, agricultural tractors and farm implements.
(3) (A) If the seized property is currency and is stolen property, the law enforcement agency seizing the currency shall follow the procedures set forth in subdivision (2) of this subsection.
(B) If the seized property is currency and is not stolen property, the law enforcement agency seizing the currency shall, within ten days of such seizure, notify the defendant or defendants, if such currency was seized in connection with a criminal arrest, or the person or persons having a possessory interest in the premises from which such currency was seized, if such currency was seized pursuant to a search warrant without an arrest, that such defendant or person has the right to a hearing before the Superior Court on the disposition of the currency. Such defendant or person may, not later than thirty days after receiving such notice, request a hearing before the Superior Court. The court may, after any such hearing, order that the law enforcement agency, after taking reasonable measures to preserve the evidentiary value of the currency, deposit the currency in a deposit account in the name of the law enforcement agency as custodian for evidentiary funds at a financial institution in this state or order, for good cause shown, that the currency be retained for a period to be determined by the court. If such defendant or person does not request a hearing, the law enforcement agency may, after taking reasonable measures to preserve the evidentiary value of the currency, deposit the currency in a deposit account in the name of the law enforcement agency as custodian for evidentiary funds at a financial institution in this state.
(C) If the currency is deposited in a deposit account at a financial institution in this state pursuant to subparagraph (B) of this subdivision, the financial institution at which such deposit account is established shall not be required to segregate the currency deposited in such deposit account. No funds may be withdrawn from such deposit account except pursuant to a court order directed to the financial institution. Any withdrawal of funds from such deposit account shall be in the form of a check issued by the financial institution to the law enforcement agency or to such other payee as the court may order. Nothing in this subdivision shall prohibit a financial institution from charging a fee for the maintenance and administration of such deposit account and for the review of the court order.
(D) If the currency is deposited in a deposit account at a financial institution in this state pursuant to subparagraph (B) of this subdivision, any secondary evidence of the identity, description or value of such currency shall be admissible in evidence against a defendant in the trial of a criminal offense. The fact that the evidence is secondary in nature may be shown to affect the weight of such evidence, but not to affect its admissibility.
(c) Unless such seized property is stolen property and is ordered returned pursuant to subsection (b) of this section or unless such seized property is adjudicated a nuisance in accordance with section 54-33g, or unless the court finds that such property shall be forfeited or is contraband, or finds that such property is a controlled drug, a controlled substance or drug paraphernalia as defined in subdivision (8), (9) or (20) of section 21a-240, it shall, at the final disposition of the criminal action or as soon thereafter as is practical, or, if there is no criminal action, at any time upon motion of the prosecuting official of such court, order the return of such property to its owner within six months upon proper claim therefor.
(d) When the court orders the return of the seized property to the owner, the order shall provide that if the seized property is not claimed by the owner within six months, the property shall be destroyed or be given to a charitable or educational institution or to a governmental agency or institution, except that (1) if such property is money it shall be remitted to the state and shall be deposited in the General Fund or (2) if such property is a valuable prize it shall be disposed of by public auction or private sale in which case the proceeds shall become the property of the state and shall be deposited in the General Fund; provided any person who has a bona fide mortgage, assignment of lease or rent, lien or security interest in such property shall have the same right to the proceeds as he had in the property prior to the sale.
(e) If such seized property is adjudicated a nuisance or if the court finds that such property shall be forfeited or is contraband other than a controlled drug, a controlled substance or drug paraphernalia as defined in subdivision (8), (9) or (20) of section 21a-240, the court shall order that such property be destroyed or be given to a charitable or educational institution or to a governmental agency or institution, except that (1) if such property is money, the court shall order that it be remitted to the state and be deposited in the General Fund or (2) if such property is a valuable prize, the court shall order that it be disposed of by public auction or private sale in which case the proceeds shall become the property of the state and shall be deposited in the General Fund; provided any person who has a bona fide mortgage, assignment of lease or rent, lien or security interest in such property shall have the same right to the proceeds as he had in the property prior to sale.
(f) If the court finds that such seized property is fireworks as defined in section 29-356, the court shall order the forfeiture and destruction of such property. Any secondary evidence of the identity, description or value of such property shall be admissible in evidence against the defendant in the trial of the case. A photograph of the fireworks and a sworn affidavit describing such fireworks shall be sufficient evidence of the identity of the fireworks. The fact that the evidence is secondary in nature may be shown to affect the weight of such evidence, but not to affect its admissibility.
(g) If the court finds that such seized property is a controlled drug, a controlled substance or drug paraphernalia as defined in subdivision (8), (9) or (20) of section 21a-240, the court shall order the forfeiture and destruction of such property or order it delivered to the Commissioner of Consumer Protection pursuant to section 54-36g.
(h) Any order made under the provisions of subsections (b), (c), (d), (e), (f) and (g) of this section or section 54-33f or 54-33g, shall upon notification from the clerk, be complied with by the person or department having custody or possession of such property.
(i) A return of compliance with the court order, on a form prescribed by the Office of the Chief Court Administrator, shall be filed with the clerk of the court by the person or department to whom notice is sent in accordance with the provisions of subsection (h) of this section. If the court ordered the seized property returned to the owner within six months upon proper claim therefor, the return of the compliance shall be filed within seventy-two hours of the return of the property to the owner. If the owner does not claim the property within six months, then the return of compliance shall be filed within seventy-two hours of compliance with the order of the court pursuant to subsection (d) of this section. Failure to comply with the court order within ninety days following expiration of the period within which the owner of the property may claim the property shall constitute criminal contempt. If the court renders an order concerning the disposition of the property other than an order to return the property to the owner, the return of compliance shall be filed with the clerk within seventy-two hours of compliance with the court order. Failure to comply with the court order within ninety days of receipt of such order shall constitute criminal contempt. Failure to file a return of compliance as set forth in this subsection shall constitute criminal contempt. Anyone convicted of criminal contempt may be punished by a fine of not more than one hundred dollars. Each failure to comply with a court order and each failure to file a return of compliance within the required period shall constitute a separate criminal contempt.
(P.A. 74-221, S. 1–6; P.A. 75-530, S. 16, 17, 35; P.A. 76-77, S. 1; P.A. 78-280, S. 1, 127; P.A. 79-392; P.A. 81-240, S. 1, 3; P.A. 82-235; P.A. 85-263, S. 1; P.A. 87-243; 87-294, S. 2; P.A. 99-247, S. 5; P.A. 01-104; 01-186, S. 8; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, S. 146(c); P.A. 04-189, S. 1; P.A. 07-246, S. 5; P.A. 12-72, S. 1.)
History: P.A. 75-530 amended Subsec. (b) to make clear distinctions between filing procedure for inventories of property seized in arrest or under a search warrant, and to add provisions specifically applicable to stolen property and restated Subsec. (c); P.A. 76-77 required that uniform arrest report or search warrant, as the case may be, be filed with inventory, added exception to inventory requirement in connection with arrest re stolen property not exceeding $50 in value and added provision re return of stolen property upon its owner's application to court in Subsec. (b) and changed applicable time periods re claims for property and return of property in Subsecs. (c) to (f) from one year to six months; P.A. 78-280 deleted references to filing of inventories in counties; P.A. 79-392 added definitions of “stolen property” and “owner” in Subsec. (a) and substituted reference to Sec. 54-36c for reference to Sec. 54-36b; P.A. 81-240 replaced previous provisions re return of stolen property with new provisions re notification of the owner of stolen property, procedure for return of stolen property within 30 days of request therefor, except for good cause shown and specified that secondary nature of evidence may affect weight of evidence but not admissibility in Subsec. (b) and deleted provision in Subsec. (e) whereby return of compliance was filed after return of property to owner or at the end of six months in cases where court orders return within that time period; P.A. 82-235 required office of chief court administrator to provide forms for return of stolen property, required notice of stolen property within 10 days instead of 48 hours, provided procedure for return of seized property, other than stolen property or contraband, within six months, eliminated sentence of imprisonment for criminal contempt for failure to file the return of compliance and required that any sale of unclaimed seized property ordered by the court shall be public; P.A. 85-263 amended Subsec. (b) by adding exceptions of stolen property which does not exceed $250 in value or when an attempt was made to steal property but property remained on premises in sealed container, amended Subsec. (c) by adding “finds that such property is a controlled drug” and “drug paraphernalia”, and added provisions re order of return of property by court, property adjudicated a nuisance, disposition of controlled drugs, controlled substances and drug paraphernalia and immediate filing of return of compliance if owner fails to claim property within six months; P.A. 87-243 added new Subsec. (f) re the forfeiture and destruction of fireworks and the admissibility of secondary evidence of such fireworks, and relettered the remaining subsections and internal references accordingly; P.A. 87-294 specified that property which is money and sale or auction proceeds be deposited in the general fund; P.A. 99-247 amended Subsec. (b) to insert Subdiv. indicators, reposition provision re transfer of inventory and add new Subdiv. (3) re the deposit of seized currency in a safe deposit box in a financial institution, the removal of such currency and the responsibility of such financial institution with respect to such safe deposit box and its contents; P.A. 01-104 amended Subsec. (b) by making a technical change for purposes of gender neutrality and adding provisions re motor vehicles in Subdiv. (2), deleting former Subdiv. (3) and adding new Subdiv. (3) re currency; P.A. 01-186 amended Subsec. (i) by requiring return of compliance to be filed within 72 hours of return of property or court order, providing that failure to comply with court order within 90 days shall constitute criminal contempt, adding provision re each failure to file return of compliance within required period shall constitute a separate criminal contempt and making conforming changes; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6 replaced Commissioner of Consumer Protection with Commissioner of Agriculture and Consumer Protection, effective July 1, 2004; P.A. 04-189 repealed Sec. 146 of June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, thereby reversing the merger of the Departments of Agriculture and Consumer Protection, effective June 1, 2004; P.A. 07-246 amended Subsec. (f) to provide that a photograph and affidavit shall be sufficient evidence of the identity of fireworks; P.A. 12-72 amended Subsec. (b)(1) to increase from $250 to $1,000 the maximum value of stolen property re when police may return the property to the owner without filing an inventory.
Cited. 181 C. 388; 192 C. 98; 204 C. 259; 242 C. 666.
Cited. 5 CA 540; 10 CA 130; 23 CA 215; 30 CA 249; 33 CA 409. Denial of request for return of seized property pursuant to statute was appealable and plaintiff improperly brought a writ of error. 107 CA 760. Statute does not apply to money found near drugs and seized at the same time as an arrest for violations of drug laws. 108 CA 533.
Cited. 35 CS 659; 36 CS 352; 39 CS 392.
Subsec. (a):
The mere possibility of civil judgment concluding that defendant holds legal lien or security interest in property at issue was insufficient to establish defendant as the owner of such property for purposes of Subsec. 154 CA 405.
Subsec. (b):
Where stolen jewelry was inadvertently returned to owner without notifying defendant, admission of secondary evidence not improper where defendant had opportunity to cross-examine and challenge value of stolen property claimed by state. 133 CA 681.
Subsec. (c):
Statute authorizes the forfeiture in this case, prior to enactment of the 1984 amendment to Sec. 54-33g, which incorporated seizure as a result of a warrantless arrest. 196 C. 471.
So long as a nexus exists between the seized and the crimes charged, it is irrelevant whether the property is contraband. 177 CA 129.
Use of radar detection device not “crime” so as to warrant forfeiture of device. 36 CS 551.
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Sec. 54-36b. Examiner of seized property, appointment, duties. There shall be an examiner of seized property who shall be appointed and be subject to supervision by the Chief Court Administrator of the Judicial Department. The examiner of seized property may prescribe forms and procedures to be used in identifying and labeling seized property, shall recommend to the judges any procedures which may be necessary to implement the provisions of this section, sections 53-278c and 54-36a, may inspect records maintained by clerks of court in connection with accounting for seized property, and may inspect offices where seized property is kept to insure the filing of inventories and compliance with other provisions of said sections. The examiner of seized property shall conduct or contract for any public auction required pursuant to the provisions of section 54-36a, section 54-33g and section 53-278c and, at his discretion, such property may be sold by him to the highest bidder in whatever locality of the state he determines affords the most favorable market. The examiner of seized property may decline the highest bid at any such sale and reoffer the property at a later sale if he considers the bid insufficient. He may dispose of any such property by private sale if, in his opinion, the probable cost of public sale will exceed the value of the property. He may also, at his discretion, dispose of such property to a charitable or educational institution or to a governmental agency or institution.
(P.A. 74-221, S. 7; P.A. 75-530, S. 18, 35; P.A. 76-77, S. 2; P.A. 85-140, S. 6; 85-263, S. 3.)
History: P.A. 75-530 authorized examiner to contract for public auction, allowed sale to highest bidder in locality affording the most favorable market and added provisions authorizing examiner to decline highest bid and hold another sale, to dispose of property by private sale and to dispose of property to charitable, educational or government institution; P.A. 76-77 added reference to Sec. 54-33q; P.A. 85-140 provided that the examiner be appointed and subject to supervision by the chief court administrator rather than the executive secretary of the judicial department; P.A. 85-263 deleted references to Secs. 54-36a(f) and 53-278(c).
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Sec. 54-36c. Disposition of seized property on order of the examiner of seized property. If there is no criminal action, property seized prior to October 1, 1974, held by law enforcement agencies in connection with a crime, which has not been claimed by the owner, except property held for disposition pursuant to section 54-33g, shall, upon notification by the police authority, be disposed of on the order of the examiner of seized property if he obtains the consent of the prosecuting official of such court. Property, seized after October 1, 1974, in connection with a crime for which an inventory need not be filed and held by law enforcement agencies for six months and which has not been claimed by the owner, shall be disposed of by an order of the examiner of seized property if he obtains the consent of the prosecuting official of such court. In disposing of property pursuant to this section, the examiner of seized property may order that such property be destroyed or be given to a charitable or educational institution or to a governmental agency or institution; provided, (1) if such property is money, he shall order that it be remitted to the state and be deposited in the General Fund or (2), if such property is a valuable prize, he shall order that it be disposed of by public auction or private sale, in which case the proceeds shall become the property of the state and shall be deposited in the General Fund; provided any person who has a bona fide mortgage, assignment of lease or rent, lien or security interest in such property shall have the same right to the proceeds as he had in the property prior to sale.
(P.A. 75-530, S. 19, 35; P.A. 76-77, S. 3; P.A. 87-294, S. 3.)
History: P.A. 76-77 amended provisions to recognize hearing of Sec. 54-36a created in 1974 and to require that examiner obtain consent of prosecuting officials before disposing of property; P.A. 87-294 amended section to specify that property which is money and sale or auction proceeds be deposited in the general fund.
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Sec. 54-36d. Proceedings under chapters 214, 220 and 490 concerning cigarettes, alcohol and fisheries and game, respectively, exempt from certain licensing and disposition requirements. Sections 21-1, 54-36a, 54-36b and 54-36c, shall not be applicable to the proceedings taken pursuant to chapters 214, 220 and 490.
(P.A. 75-530, S. 23, 35.)
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Sec. 54-36e. Firearms and ammunition to be turned over to state police. Sale at public auction. (a) Except as provided in sections 26-85 and 26-90, firearms and ammunition, adjudged by the court to be contraband pursuant to subsection (c) of section 54-36a, or adjudicated a nuisance pursuant to section 54-33g, shall be turned over to the Bureau of Identification of the Connecticut Division of State Police within the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection for destruction or appropriate use or disposal by sale at public auction.
(b) Firearms and ammunition turned over to the state police pursuant to subsection (a) of this section which are not destroyed or retained for appropriate use shall be sold at public auctions, conducted by the Commissioner of Administrative Services or said commissioner's designee. Pistols and revolvers, as defined in section 53a-3, which are antiques, as defined in section 29-33, or curios or relics, as defined in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 27, Chapter 1, Part 178, or modern pistols and revolvers which have a current retail value of one hundred dollars or more may be sold at such public auctions, provided such pistols and revolvers shall be sold only to persons who have a valid permit to sell a pistol or revolver, or a valid permit to carry a pistol or revolver, issued pursuant to section 29-28. Rifles and shotguns, as defined in section 53a-3, shall be sold only to persons qualified under federal law to purchase such rifles and shotguns and who have a valid long gun eligibility certificate issued pursuant to section 29-37p. The proceeds of any such sale shall be paid to the State Treasurer and deposited by the State Treasurer in the forfeit firearms account within the General Fund.
(P.A. 76-77, S. 5; P.A. 77-614, S. 486, 610; P.A. 85-263, S. 4; P.A. 87-257; P.A. 00-192, S. 42, 102; P.A. 11-51, S. 134; P.A. 13-3, S. 9, 39.)
History: P.A. 77-614 made state police department a division within the department of public safety, effective January 1, 1979; P.A. 85-263 added provisions re disposal of firearms at public auction; P.A. 87-257 amended Subsec. (b) to permit more than one annual auction of firearms by deleting restriction that firearms be sold at a public “auction held annually on or before the thirtieth of June”; P.A. 00-192 amended Subsec. (b) to require sale proceeds to be deposited in forfeit firearms account and made technical changes for purposes of gender neutrality, effective July 1, 2000; pursuant to P.A. 11-51, “Department of Public Safety” was changed editorially by the Revisors to “Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection” in Subsec. (a), effective July 1, 2011; P.A. 13-3 amended Subsec. (b) to add requirement that rifles and shotguns only be sold to persons who have a valid long gun eligibility certificate issued pursuant to Sec. 29-37p and make a technical change, effective July 1, 2013, and made section applicable to ammunition adjudged to be contraband or adjudicated a nuisance, effective October 1, 2013.
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Sec. 54-36f. Receipt for seized property to be given by law enforcement officials. Whenever property is seized in connection with a criminal arrest or seized pursuant to a search warrant without an arrest, the law enforcement agency seizing such property shall give a receipt therefor to the person or persons from whom such property was seized or to the person or persons having a possessory interest in the premises from which such property was seized. The receipt, on a form provided for this purpose by the Office of the Chief Court Administrator, shall list with specificity the property seized, be signed by the law enforcement official or officials who seized the property and be given to the person or persons from whose person or premises the property was seized at the time of such seizure or, if the property was seized from premises in the absence of the person or persons having a possessory interest therein, be mailed to such person or persons by registered or certified mail within five days of such seizure.
(P.A. 84-222.)
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Sec. 54-36g. Destruction of controlled drugs, controlled substances and drug paraphernalia held as evidence in criminal proceedings. Petition, notice and hearing. Representative samples. Certificate of results. Destruction upon final disposition of criminal action. Records. (a) At any time after the seizure of a controlled drug or a controlled substance, as defined in subdivision (8) or (9) of section 21a-240, or drug paraphernalia, as defined in subdivision (20) of section 21a-240, in connection with a criminal arrest or pursuant to a search warrant without an arrest, the prosecuting official of the court for the geographical area in which the criminal offense is alleged to have been committed may petition the court for destruction of such controlled drug, controlled substance or drug paraphernalia. After notice, by certified or registered mail to the defendant and his attorney, and hearing on the petition, the court may order the forfeiture and destruction of such controlled drug, controlled substance or drug paraphernalia, under procedures and to the extent determined by the court, or order it delivered to the Commissioner of Consumer Protection as soon as possible. Such order shall be in writing and shall provide for the analysis of representative samples of such controlled drug, controlled substance or drug paraphernalia. The results of such analysis shall be recorded on a certificate signed by the person making the analysis, witnessed and acknowledged pursuant to section 1-29. Such certificate shall be prima facie evidence of the composition and quality of such controlled drug, controlled substance or drug paraphernalia.
(b) Upon final disposition of the criminal action or, if there is no criminal action, at any time upon motion of the prosecuting official, the court shall order the destruction of any controlled drug, controlled substance or drug paraphernalia not previously destroyed pursuant to an order under subsection (a) of this section, or order it delivered to the Commissioner of Consumer Protection as soon as possible.
(c) The law enforcement agency seizing the controlled drug, controlled substance or drug paraphernalia shall keep a full and complete record of the time and place where such controlled drug, controlled substance or drug paraphernalia was seized, the kinds, quantities and weight of drugs received, by whom the controlled drug, controlled substance or drug paraphernalia were delivered and received and the date and manner of destruction or disposition of such controlled drug, controlled substance or drug paraphernalia. Such record and the certificate of the results of the analysis shall be disclosed only to attorneys of record in the case, the defendant and to federal and state officers charged with enforcement of federal and state narcotic laws.
(P.A. 84-44, S. 1; P.A. 85-263, S. 2; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, S. 146(c); P.A. 04-189, S. 1.)
History: P.A. 85-263 added references to controlled drug and amended Subsec. (b) by adding “or, if there is no criminal action, at any time upon motion of the prosecuting official”; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6 replaced Commissioner of Consumer Protection with Commissioner of Agriculture and Consumer Protection, effective July 1, 2004; P.A. 04-189 repealed Sec. 146 of June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, thereby reversing the merger of the Departments of Agriculture and Consumer Protection, effective June 1, 2004.
Subsec. (a):
Requirement that certificate be prima facie evidence of composition and quality of controlled drug or substance would be meaningless unless legislature had contemplated that destruction of drugs might take place before defendant's trial and inserted it to ensure that said destruction would not provide defendant with simple way to avoid prosecution. 63 CA 138.
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Sec. 54-36h. Forfeiture of moneys and property related to illegal sale or exchange of controlled substances or money laundering. In rem proceeding. Disposition. (a) The following property shall be subject to forfeiture to the state pursuant to subsection (b) of this section:
(1) All moneys used, or intended for use, in the procurement, manufacture, compounding, processing, delivery or distribution of any controlled substance, as defined in subdivision (9) of section 21a-240;
(2) All property constituting the proceeds obtained, directly or indirectly, from any sale or exchange of any such controlled substance in violation of section 21a-277 or 21a-278;
(3) All property derived from the proceeds obtained, directly or indirectly, from any sale or exchange for pecuniary gain of any such controlled substance in violation of section 21a-277 or 21a-278;
(4) All property used or intended for use, in any manner or part, to commit or facilitate the commission of a violation for pecuniary gain of section 21a-277 or 21a-278;
(5) All property constituting, or derived from, the proceeds obtained, directly or indirectly, by a corporation as a result of a violation of section 53a-276, 53a-277 or 53a-278.
(b) Not later than ninety days after the seizure of moneys or property subject to forfeiture pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, in connection with a lawful criminal arrest or a lawful search that results in an arrest, the Chief State's Attorney or a deputy chief state's attorney, state's attorney or assistant or deputy assistant state's attorney may petition the court in the nature of a proceeding in rem to order forfeiture of said moneys or property. Such proceeding shall be deemed a civil suit in equity, in which the state shall have the burden of proving all material facts by clear and convincing evidence. The court shall identify the owner of said moneys or property and any other person as appears to have an interest therein, and order the state to give notice to such owner and any interested person by certified or registered mail. No testimony offered or evidence produced by such owner or interested person at such hearing and no evidence discovered as a result of or otherwise derived from such testimony or evidence, may be used against such owner or interested person in any proceeding, except that no such owner or interested person shall be immune from prosecution for perjury or contempt committed while giving such testimony or producing such evidence. At such hearing the court shall hear evidence and make findings of fact and enter conclusions of law and shall issue a final order, from which the parties shall have such right of appeal as from a decree in equity.
(c) The court shall hold a hearing on the petition filed pursuant to subsection (a) of this section not more than two weeks after the criminal proceeding that occurred as a result of the arrest has been nolled, dismissed or otherwise disposed of. The court shall deny the petition and return the property to the owner if the criminal proceeding does not result in (1) a plea of guilty or nolo contendere to any offense charged in the same criminal information, (2) a guilty verdict after trial to a forfeiture-eligible offense for which the property was possessed, controlled, designed or intended for use, or which was or had been used as a means of committing such offense, or which constitutes the proceeds of the commission of such offense, or (3) a dismissal resulting from the completion of a pretrial diversionary program.
(d) No property shall be forfeited under this section to the extent of the interest of an owner or lienholder by reason of any act or omission committed by another person if such owner or lienholder did not know and could not have reasonably known that such property was being used or was intended to be used in, or was derived from, criminal activity.
(e) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a) of this section, no moneys or property used or intended to be used by the owner thereof to pay legitimate attorney's fees in connection with his defense in a criminal prosecution shall be subject to forfeiture under this section.
(f) Any property ordered forfeited pursuant to subsection (b) of this section shall be sold at public auction conducted by the Commissioner of Administrative Services or his designee.
(g) The proceeds from any sale of property under subsection (f) of this section and any moneys forfeited under this section shall be applied: (1) To payment of the balance due on any lien preserved by the court in the forfeiture proceedings; (2) to payment of any costs incurred for the storage, maintenance, security and forfeiture of such property; and (3) to payment of court costs. The balance, if any, shall be deposited in the drug assets forfeiture revolving account established under section 54-36i.
(P.A. 86-404, S. 3, 4; P.A. 88-364, S. 71, 123; P.A. 89-269, S. 1; P.A. 17-193, S.2.)
History: P.A. 88-364 amended Subsec. (b) by substituting “moneys” for “property”; P.A. 89-269 amended Subsec. (a) to restructure provisions, to insert Subdiv. indicators, to replace in Subdiv. (2) “the proceeds of any sale of any such controlled substance in violation of any provision of the general statutes” with “All property constituting the proceeds obtained, directly or indirectly, from any sale or exchange of any controlled substance in violation of section 21a-277 or 21a-278”, and to add Subdivs. (3), (4) and (5) re other property subject to forfeiture, amended Subsec. (b) to authorize the “chief state's attorney or a deputy chief state's attorney, state's attorney or assistant or deputy assistant state's attorney” rather than “the prosecuting official of the court for the geographical area in which the criminal offense is alleged to have been committed” to petition the court “Not later than ninety days” after the seizure rather than “At any time” after the seizure, to make provisions applicable to moneys “or property” seized, to require the seizure to be “in connection with a lawful criminal arrest or a lawful search” rather than “in connection with a criminal arrest or pursuant to a search warrant without an arrest”, to change the state's burden of proof from a preponderance of the evidence to clear and convincing evidence, to require the court to identify the owner of the moneys or property and any person with an interest therein, and to add provision prohibiting the use of certain testimony or evidence against the owner or interested person, added Subsec. (c) re the forfeiture of property when the owner or lienholder has no knowledge of the criminal activity, added Subsec. (d) re the forfeiture of moneys or property used or intended to be used to pay attorney's fees, added Subsec. (e) re the sale at public auction of forfeited property, and added Subsec. (f) re the allocation of the proceeds from the sale of forfeited property or any forfeited moneys; (Revisor's note: In 1995 the word “fund” in the phrase “drug assets forfeiture revolving fund” was replaced editorially by the Revisors with the word “account” to conform section with Sec. 54-36i as amended by P.A. 94-95); P.A. 17-193 amended Subsec. (b) by adding “that results in an arrest” re seizure of moneys or property in connection with a lawful search and deleting provision re court to promptly hold hearing on petition, added new Subsec. (c) re hearing on petition after criminal proceeding has been nolled, dismissed or otherwise disposed of and denial of petition and return of property to owner, redesignated existing Subsecs. (c) to (f) as Subsecs. (d) to (g), and made a conforming change.
Money found near drugs and seized at same time as arrest for violations of drug laws is not property subject to forfeiture proceedings. 108 CA 533.
Subsec. (b):
Time limit in section is substantive and a jurisdictional prerequisite. 43 CS 203.
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Sec. 54-36i. Drug assets forfeiture revolving account. Allocation of moneys. (a) There is established and created an account of the General Fund to be known as the “drug assets forfeiture revolving account” for the purpose of providing funds for substance abuse treatment and education programs and for use in the detection, investigation, apprehension and prosecution of persons for the violation of the laws pertaining to the illegal manufacture, sale, distribution or possession of controlled substances.
(b) The account shall consist of the proceeds from the sale of property and moneys received and deposited pursuant to section 54-36h.
(c) Moneys in such account shall be distributed as follows: (1) Seventy per cent shall be allocated to the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection and local police departments pursuant to subsection (d) of this section, fifteen per cent of which shall be used for purposes of drug education and eighty-five per cent of which shall be used for the detection, investigation, apprehension and prosecution of persons for the violation of laws pertaining to the illegal manufacture, sale, distribution or possession of controlled substances and for the purposes of police training on gang-related violence as required by section 7-294l, (2) twenty per cent shall be allocated to the Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services for substance abuse treatment and education programs and tobacco prevention and enforcement positions engaged in compliance activities as required by the federal government as a condition of receipt of substance abuse prevention and treatment block grant funds, and (3) ten per cent shall be allocated to the Division of Criminal Justice for use in the prosecution of persons for the violation of laws pertaining to the illegal manufacture, sale, distribution or possession of controlled substances.
(d) Expenditures from the account allocated to the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection and local police departments shall be authorized by a panel composed of: (1) The Commissioner of Emergency Services and Public Protection or his designee, (2) the commander of the state-wide narcotics task force or his designee, and (3) the president of the Connecticut Police Chiefs Association or his designee. The panel shall adopt procedures for the orderly authorization of expenditures, subject to the approval of the Comptroller. Such expenditures may be authorized only to the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection and to organized local police departments within this state. Such expenditures shall be held by the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection and the various organized local police departments in accounts or funds established for that purpose. In no event shall the expenditures be placed in a state or town general fund and in no event shall the expenditures be used for purposes other than those provided in subdivision (1) of subsection (c) of this section. The panel shall ensure the equitable allocation of expenditures to the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection or any local police department which participated directly in any of the acts which led to the seizure or forfeiture of the property so as to reflect generally the contribution of said department or such local police department in such acts. The panel shall authorize expenditures from the account for the reimbursement of any organized local police department which has used its own funds in the detection, investigation, apprehension and prosecution of persons for the violation of laws pertaining to the illegal manufacture, sale, distribution or possession of controlled substances and which makes application to the panel for reimbursement.
(e) Moneys remaining in the drug assets forfeiture revolving account at the end of a fiscal year shall not revert to the General Fund but shall remain in the revolving account to be used for the purposes set forth in this section.
(P.A. 89-269, S. 2; P.A. 90-230, S. 95, 101; P.A. 91-406, S. 20, 29; P.A. 93-381, S. 9, 39; 93-416, S. 9, 10; P.A. 94-95, S. 15; P.A. 95-257, S. 5, 58; P.A. 96-180, S. 162, 166; P.A. 09-2, S. 6; P.A. 11-51, S. 134.)
History: P.A. 90-230 corrected an internal reference in Subsec. (d); P.A. 91-406 confirmed the numbering of this section as Sec. 54-36i, thereby correcting a typographical error; P.A. 93-381 replaced Connecticut alcohol and drug abuse commission with department of public health and addiction services, effective July 1, 1993; P.A. 93-416 amended Subsec. (c)(1) to include police training on gang-related violence as another purpose for which fund moneys shall be used, effective June 29, 1993; P.A. 94-95 changed name of fund from “drug assets forfeiture revolving fund” to “drug assets forfeiture revolving account”; P.A. 95-257 replaced Commissioner and Department of Public Health and Addiction Services with Commissioner and Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, effective July 1, 1995; P.A. 96-180 amended Subsec. (d)(3) to substitute “Connecticut Police Chiefs Association” for “Connecticut Chiefs of Police Association”; P.A. 09-2 amended Subsec. (c)(2) to extend use of funds to specified tobacco prevention and enforcement positions, effective April 1, 2009; pursuant to P.A. 11-51, “Commissioner of Public Safety” and “Department of Public Safety” were changed editorially by the Revisors to “Commissioner of Emergency Services and Public Protection” and “Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection”, respectively, effective July 1, 2011.
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Secs. 54-36j to 54-36l. Seizure and forfeiture of motor vehicle used in patronizing a prostitute. Innocent owner defense to forfeiture of motor vehicle used in patronizing a prostitute. Release of motor vehicle seized in connection with arrest for patronizing a prostitute; delivery or return of motor vehicle upon disposition of prosecution. Sections 54-36j to 54-36l, inclusive, are repealed, effective October 1, 1997.
(P.A. 93-265, S. 3–5; 93-398, S. 1, 2; P.A. 96-180, S. 163, 166; P.A. 97-279, S. 3.)
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Sec. 54-36m. Impoundment of motor vehicle occupied by person arrested for patronizing a prostitute from a motor vehicle. Section 54-36m is repealed, effective October 1, 2017.
(P.A. 97-279, S. 1; P.A. 17-32, S. 10.)
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Sec. 54-36n. Identification and tracing of seized and recovered firearms and ammunition. (a) Whenever a law enforcement agency seizes a firearm in connection with a criminal arrest or pursuant to a search warrant without an arrest or otherwise recovers a firearm, such agency shall forthwith take all appropriate steps to identify and trace the history of such firearm.
(b) In complying with the provisions of subsection (a) of this section, a law enforcement agency shall use the National Tracing Center of the Federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. Such law enforcement agency shall immediately transmit to the National Tracing Center, by facsimile or by entering such information on the Connecticut On-Line Law Enforcement Communications Teleprocessing (COLLECT) System when said system becomes available for transmitting such information directly to the National Tracing Center, all information necessary to comply with the provisions of subsection (a) of this section.
(c) The Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection shall take appropriate action to allow the COLLECT System to be used by law enforcement agencies in complying with the provisions of this section.
(d) Whenever a firearm is identified and is determined to have been stolen, the law enforcement agency shall return such firearm, and any ammunition seized or recovered with such firearm that is determined to be stolen, to the rightful owner thereof, provided such owner is not prohibited from possessing such firearm or ammunition and such agency does not need to retain such firearm or ammunition as evidence in a criminal prosecution.
(P.A. 98-129, S. 3; P.A. 11-51, S. 134; P.A. 13-3, S. 41.)
History: Pursuant to P.A. 11-51, “Department of Public Safety” was changed editorially by the Revisors to “Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection” in Subsec. (c), effective July 1, 2011; P.A. 13-3 amended Subsec. (d) to add provision re return of ammunition that is seized or recovered with a firearm that is determined to be stolen and made conforming changes.
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Sec. 54-36o. Property derived from identity theft subject to forfeiture to state. Exceptions. Proceeds. (a) All property constituting, or derived from, the proceeds obtained, directly or indirectly, by a person as a result of a violation of section 53a-129a of the general statutes, revision of 1958, revised to January 1, 2003, or section 53a-127g, 53a-129b, 53a-129c, 53a-129d, 53a-129e, 53a-130, 21-120 or 21-121 shall be subject to forfeiture to the state pursuant to subsection (b) of this section.
(b) Not later than ninety days after the seizure of property subject to forfeiture pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, in connection with a lawful arrest or a lawful search that results in an arrest, the Chief State's Attorney or a deputy chief state's attorney, state's attorney or assistant or deputy assistant state's attorney may petition the court in the nature of a proceeding in rem to order forfeiture of said moneys or property. Such proceeding shall be deemed a civil suit in equity, in which the state shall have the burden of proving all material facts by clear and convincing evidence. The court shall identify the owner of such property and any other person as appears to have an interest therein, and order the state to give notice to such owner and any interested person by certified or registered mail. No testimony offered or evidence produced by such owner or interested person at such hearing and no evidence discovered as a result of or otherwise derived from such testimony or evidence, may be used against such owner or interested person in any proceeding, except that no such owner or interested person shall be immune from prosecution for perjury or contempt committed while giving such testimony or producing such evidence. At such hearing the court shall hear evidence and make findings of fact and enter conclusions of law and shall issue a final order, from which the parties shall have such right of appeal as from a decree in equity.
(c) The court shall hold a hearing on the petition filed pursuant to subsection (a) of this section not more than two weeks after the criminal proceeding that occurred as a result of the arrest has been nolled, dismissed or otherwise disposed of. The court shall deny the petition and return the property to the owner if the criminal proceeding does not result in (1) a plea of guilty or nolo contendere to any offense charged in the same criminal information, (2) a guilty verdict after trial to a forfeiture-eligible offense for which the property was possessed, controlled, designed or intended for use, or which was or had been used as a means of committing such offense, or which constitutes the proceeds of the commission of such offense, or (3) a dismissal resulting from the completion of a pretrial diversionary program.
(d) No property shall be forfeited under this section to the extent of the interest of an owner or lienholder by reason of any act or omission committed by another person if such owner or lienholder did not know and could not have reasonably known that such property was being used or was intended to be used in, or was derived from, criminal activity.
(e) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a) of this section, no property used or intended to be used by the owner thereof to pay legitimate attorney's fees in connection with his defense in a criminal prosecution shall be subject to forfeiture under this section.
(f) Any property ordered forfeited pursuant to subsection (b) of this section shall be sold at public auction conducted by the Commissioner of Administrative Services.
(g) The proceeds from any sale of property under subsection (f) of this section shall be applied: (1) To payment of the balance due on any lien preserved by the court in the forfeiture proceedings; (2) to payment of any costs incurred for the storage, maintenance, security and forfeiture of such property; and (3) to payment of court costs. The balance, if any, shall be deposited in the privacy protection guaranty and enforcement account established under section 42-472a.
(P.A. 09-239, S. 12; June 12 Sp. Sess. P.A. 12-2, S. 90; P.A. 17-193, S. 3.)
History: June 12 Sp. Sess. P.A. 12-2 made a technical change in Subsec. (f); P.A. 17-193 amended Subsec. (b) by adding “in connection with a lawful arrest or a lawful search that results in an arrest” and deleting provision re court to promptly hold hearing on petition, added new Subsec. (c) re hearing on petition after criminal proceeding has been nolled, dismissed or otherwise disposed of and denial of petition and return of property to owner, redesignated existing Subsecs. (c) to (f) as Subsecs. (d) to (g), and made a conforming change.
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Sec. 54-36p. Forfeiture of moneys and property related to sexual exploitation, prostitution and human trafficking. In rem proceeding. Disposition. (a) The following property shall be subject to forfeiture to the state pursuant to subsection (b) of this section:
(1) All moneys used, or intended for use, in a violation of subdivision (3) of subsection (a) of section 53-21 or section 53a-86, 53a-87, 53a-88, 53a-90a, 53a-189a, 53a-189b, 53a-192a, 53a-196a, 53a-196b, 53a-196c or 53a-196i;
(2) All property constituting the proceeds obtained, directly or indirectly, from a violation of subdivision (3) of subsection (a) of section 53-21 or section 53a-86, 53a-87, 53a-88, 53a-90a, 53a-189a, 53a-189b, 53a-192a, 53a-196a, 53a-196b, 53a-196c or 53a-196i;
(3) All property derived from the proceeds obtained, directly or indirectly, from a violation of subdivision (3) of subsection (a) of section 53-21 or section 53a-86, 53a-87, 53a-88, 53a-90a, 53a-189a, 53a-189b, 53a-192a, 53a-196a, 53a-196b, 53a-196c or 53a-196i;
(4) All property used or intended for use, in any manner or part, to commit or facilitate the commission of a violation of subdivision (3) of subsection (a) of section 53-21 or section 53a-83, 53a-86, 53a-87, 53a-88, 53a-90a, 53a-189a, 53a-189b, 53a-192a, 53a-196a, 53a-196b, 53a-196c or 53a-196i.
(b) Not later than ninety days after the seizure of moneys or property subject to forfeiture pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, in connection with a lawful criminal arrest or a lawful search that results in an arrest, the Chief State's Attorney or a deputy chief state's attorney, state's attorney or assistant or deputy assistant state's attorney may petition the court in the nature of a proceeding in rem to order forfeiture of such moneys or property. Such proceeding shall be deemed a civil suit in equity in which the state shall have the burden of proving all material facts by clear and convincing evidence. The court shall identify the owner of such moneys or property and any other person as appears to have an interest therein, and order the state to give notice to such owner and any interested person, including any victim of the crime with respect to which such moneys or property were seized, by certified or registered mail. No testimony offered or evidence produced by such owner or interested person at such hearing and no evidence discovered as a result of or otherwise derived from such testimony or evidence may be used against such owner or interested person in any proceeding, except that no such owner or interested person shall be immune from prosecution for perjury or contempt committed while giving such testimony or producing such evidence. At such hearing, the court shall hear evidence and make findings of fact and enter conclusions of law and shall issue a final order from which the parties shall have such right of appeal as from a decree in equity.
(c) The court shall hold a hearing on the petition filed pursuant to subsection (a) of this section not more than two weeks after the criminal proceeding that occurred as a result of the arrest has been nolled, dismissed or otherwise disposed of. The court shall deny the petition and return the property to the owner if the criminal proceeding does not result in (1) a plea of guilty or nolo contendere to any offense charged in the same criminal information, (2) a guilty verdict after trial to a forfeiture-eligible offense for which the property was possessed, controlled, designed or intended for use, or which was or had been used as a means of committing such offense, or which constitutes the proceeds of the commission of such offense, or (3) a dismissal resulting from the completion of a pretrial diversionary program.
(d) No moneys or property shall be forfeited under this section to the extent of the interest of an owner or lienholder by reason of any act or omission committed by another person if such owner or lienholder did not know and could not have reasonably known that such moneys or property was being used or was intended to be used in, or was derived from, criminal activity.
(e) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a) of this section, no moneys or property used or intended to be used by the owner thereof to pay legitimate attorney's fees in connection with his or her defense in a criminal prosecution shall be subject to forfeiture under this section.
(f) Any property ordered forfeited pursuant to subsection (b) of this section shall be sold at public auction conducted by the Commissioner of Administrative Services or the commissioner's designee.
(g) The proceeds from any sale of property under subsection (f) of this section and any moneys forfeited under this section shall be applied: (1) To payment of the balance due on any lien preserved by the court in the forfeiture proceedings; (2) to payment of any costs incurred for the storage, maintenance, security and forfeiture of any such property; and (3) to payment of court costs. The balance, if any, shall be deposited in the Criminal Injuries Compensation Fund established in section 54-215.
(P.A. 10-112, S. 1; P.A. 13-166, S. 1; P.A. 14-233, S. 2; P.A. 16-71, S. 11; P.A. 17-32, S. 9; 17-193, S. 4.)
History: P.A. 13-166 amended Subsec. (a) to add references to violations of Secs. 53a-82, 53a-88 and 53a-196i and amended Subsec. (f) to provide that balance of proceeds be deposited in Criminal Injuries Compensation Fund, rather than General Fund; P.A. 14-233 amended Subsec. (a) to delete references to pecuniary gain in Subdivs. (3) and (4); P.A. 16-71 amended Subsec. (a) by deleting references to Sec. 53a-82 and, in Subdiv. (4), adding references to Secs. 53a-83 and 53a-83a; P.A. 17-32 deleted reference to Sec. 53a-83a in Subsec. (a)(4); P.A. 17-193 amended Subsec. (b) by adding “that results in an arrest” re seizure of moneys or property in connection with lawful search and deleting provision re court to promptly hold hearing on petition, added new Subsec. (c) re hearing on petition after criminal proceeding has been nolled, dismissed or otherwise disposed of and denial of petition and return of property to owner, redesignated existing Subsecs. (c) to (f) as Subsecs. (d) to (g) and made a conforming change.
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Secs. 54-37 to 54-39. Disposition of accused acquitted on ground of insanity. Release of persons confined under order prior to October 1, 1959. Petition for release. Disposition of insane person upon expiration of term. Sections 54-37 to 54-39, inclusive, are repealed.
(1949 Rev., S. 8749–8751; 1953, S. 3321d, 3322d; 1955, S. 3322d; 1959, P.A. 28, S. 150; 523, S. 1; 1963, P.A. 642, S. 65, 84; February, 1965, P.A. 435, S. 2; 557; 1967, P.A. 261, S. 2; 1971, P.A. 871, S. 129; P.A. 80-146.)
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Sec. 54-40. Transferred to Chapter 960, Sec. 54-56d.
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Sec. 54-40a. Transferred to Chapter 959, Sec. 54-1i.
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Sec. 54-41. Transferred to Chapter 890, Sec. 51-352c.
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