*See Sec. 19a-88b re renewal of certain professional and occupational licenses, certificates, permits or registrations which become void while the holder is on active duty in the armed forces of the United States.
Cited. 207 C. 674; 242 C. 1.
Sec. 20-186. Board of examiners.
Sec. 20-186a. Duties of board of examiners.
Sec. 20-187. Report. Secretary. Conduct of investigations.
Sec. 20-187a. License required. Practice defined.
Sec. 20-187b. Psychology Interjurisdictional Compact.
Sec. 20-188. Examination; qualifications.
Sec. 20-189. Graduation from approved education program required.
Sec. 20-190. Licensure by endorsement. Waiver of examination. Fee.
Sec. 20-191. Certification without examination of applicants with three years' experience.
Sec. 20-191a. Renewal of license.
Sec. 20-191b. Fees for lost license and verifying licensure.
Sec. 20-191c. Continuing education.
Sec. 20-192. Disciplinary action; grounds; appeals.
Sec. 20-193. False representation. Penalties.
Sec. 20-194. Right to practice medicine not granted.
Sec. 20-194a. Hospital or health care facility staff privileges allowed.
Sec. 20-195. Exempted activities and employment.
Sec. 20-186. Board of examiners. (a) The Board of Examiners of Psychologists shall consist of five members appointed by the Governor, three of whom shall be practicing psychologists in good professional standing and licensed according to the provisions of this chapter and two of whom shall be public members. Each such member shall be a resident of this state. No member of said board shall be an elected or appointed officer of any professional association of psychologists or have been such an officer during the year immediately preceding his appointment. The Governor shall designate one member as chairman of said board and shall fill any vacancy therein by appointment for the unexpired portion of the term. No member shall serve for more than two full consecutive terms commencing after July 1, 1980. Members shall not be compensated for their services.
(b) Said board shall meet at least once during each calendar quarter and at such other times as the chairman deems necessary. Special meetings shall be held on the request of a majority of the board after notice in accordance with the provisions of section 1-225. A majority of the members of the board shall constitute a quorum. Any member who fails to attend three consecutive meetings or who fails to attend fifty per cent of all meetings held during any calendar year shall be deemed to have resigned from office. Minutes of all meetings shall be recorded by the board. No member shall participate in the affairs of the board during the pendency of any disciplinary proceedings by the board against such member.
(1949 Rev., S. 4632; 1957, P.A. 269, S. 2; 1969, P.A. 597, S. 1; P.A. 77-614, S. 427, 610; P.A. 80-484, S. 68, 176; P.A. 81-471, S. 39, 71; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-12, S. 23, 55; P.A. 98-143, S. 12, 24.)
History: 1969 act substituted “licensed” for “certified”; P.A. 77-614 clarified appointment provisions generally, deleted provision setting terms at five years beginning on July first and reduced psychologist members from five to three, adding two public members, effective January 1, 1979; P.A. 80-484 replaced requirement that psychologist members have practiced for five years with requirement that they be currently practicing and in good professional standing, prohibited professional members from being elected officials of professional associations within one year of their appointment, required all members to be state residents rather than “electors”, deleted provisions re removal for incompetence etc. and re three-member quorum, limited terms of service to two after July 1, 1984, provided for reimbursement for expenses and added Subsec. (b) re meetings, members' attendance, etc.; P.A. 81-471 changed “elected official” to “elected or appointed officer” as of July 1, 1981; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-12 eliminated expense reimbursement for board members; P.A. 98-143 added quorum provision in Subsec. (b), effective July 1, 1998.
See Sec. 4-9a for definition of “public member”.
See Sec. 4-40a re compensation and expenses of licensing boards and commissions.
See Secs. 19a-8 to 19a-12, inclusive, re powers and duties of boards and commissions within Department of Public Health.
| (Return to Chapter Table of Contents) |
(Return to List of Chapters) |
(Return to List of Titles) |
Sec. 20-186a. Duties of board of examiners. The Board of Examiners of Psychologists shall (1) hear and decide matters concerning suspension or revocation of licensure, (2) adjudicate complaints filed against practitioners licensed under this chapter and (3) impose sanctions where appropriate.
(P.A. 80-484, S. 69, 176.)
| (Return to Chapter Table of Contents) |
(Return to List of Chapters) |
(Return to List of Titles) |
Sec. 20-187. Report. Secretary. Conduct of investigations. Section 20-187 is repealed.
(1949 Rev., S. 4633; 1957, P.A. 269, S. 3; September, 1957, P.A. 11, S. 13; 1969, P.A. 597, S. 2; P.A. 77-614, S. 609, 610.)
| (Return to Chapter Table of Contents) |
(Return to List of Chapters) |
(Return to List of Titles) |
Sec. 20-187a. License required. Practice defined. No person shall practice psychology unless he has obtained a license as provided in section 20-188. The practice of psychology means the rendering of professional services under any title or description of services incorporating the words psychologist, psychological or psychology, to the public or to any public or private organization for a fee or other remuneration. Professional psychological services means the application, by persons trained in psychology, of established principles of learning, motivation, perception, thinking and emotional relationships to the assessment, diagnosis, prevention, treatment and amelioration of psychological problems or emotional or mental disorders of individuals or groups, including but not limited to counseling, guidance, psychotherapy, behavior modification and personnel evaluation, with persons or groups in the areas of work, family, school, marriage and personal relationships; measuring and testing of personality, intelligence, aptitudes, emotions, public opinion, attitudes and skills; and research relating to human behavior.
(1969, P.A. 597, S. 3; P.A. 86-42.)
History: P.A. 86-42 changed the definition of professional psychological services to include “the assessment, diagnosis, prevention, treatment and amelioration of psychological problems or emotional or mental disorders of individuals or groups”.
| (Return to Chapter Table of Contents) |
(Return to List of Chapters) |
(Return to List of Titles) |
Sec. 20-187b. Psychology Interjurisdictional Compact. The Psychology Interjurisdictional Compact is hereby enacted into law and entered into by the state of Connecticut with any and all states legally joining therein in accordance with its terms. The compact is substantially as follows:
“PSYCHOLOGY INTERJURISDICTIONAL COMPACT
ARTICLE I
PURPOSE
Whereas, states license psychologists in order to protect the public through verification of education, training and experience and ensure accountability for professional practice; and
Whereas, the compact is intended to regulate the day-to-day practice of telepsychology, including, but not limited to, the provision of psychological services using telecommunication technologies, by psychologists across state boundaries in the performance of their psychological practice as assigned by an appropriate authority; and
Whereas, the compact is intended to regulate the temporary in-person, face-to-face practice of psychology by psychologists across state boundaries for thirty days within a calendar year in the performance of their psychological practice as assigned by an appropriate authority; and
Whereas, the compact is intended to authorize state psychology regulatory authorities to afford legal recognition, in a manner consistent with the terms of the compact, to psychologists licensed in another state; and
Whereas, the compact recognizes that states have a vested interest in protecting the public's health and safety through their licensing and regulation of psychologists and that such state licensing and regulation will best protect public health and safety; and
Whereas, the compact shall not apply when a psychologist is licensed in both the home and receiving states; and
Whereas, the compact shall not apply to permanent in-person, face-to-face practice, it shall allow for authorization of temporary psychological practice.
Consistent with such principles, the compact is designed to achieve the following purposes and objectives:
(1) Increase public access to professional psychological services by allowing for telepsychological practice across state lines and temporary in-person, face-to-face services in a state which the psychologist is not licensed to practice psychology;
(2) Enhance the states' ability to protect the public's health and safety, especially client or patient safety;
(3) Encourage the cooperation of compact states in the areas of psychology licensure and regulation;
(4) Facilitate the exchange of information between compact states regarding licensure, adverse actions and disciplinary history of psychologists;
(5) Promote compliance with the laws governing psychological practice in each compact state; and
(6) Invest all compact states with the authority to hold licensed psychologists accountable through the mutual recognition of compact state licenses.
ARTICLE II
DEFINITIONS
(1) “Adverse action” means any action taken by a state psychology regulatory authority that finds a violation of a statute or regulation that is identified by the state psychology regulatory authority as discipline and is a matter of public record.
(2) “Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards” means the recognized membership organization composed of state and provincial psychology regulatory authorities responsible for the licensure and registration of psychologists throughout the United States and Canada.
(3) “Authority to practice interjurisdictional telepsychology” means a licensed psychologist's authority to practice telepsychology, within the limits authorized under the compact, in another compact state.
(4) “Bylaws” means the bylaws established by the Psychology Interjurisdictional Compact Commission pursuant to Article X of the compact for the governance of said commission, or for directing and controlling the actions and conduct of said commission.
(5) “Client or patient” means the recipient of psychological services, whether psychological services are delivered in the context of healthcare, corporate, supervision or consulting services.
(6) “Commissioner” means the voting representative appointed by each state psychology regulatory authority pursuant to Article X of the compact.
(7) “Compact” means the Psychology Interjurisdictional Compact.
(8) “Compact state” means a state, the District of Columbia or United States territory that has enacted the compact and that has not withdrawn pursuant to subsection (c) of Article XIII of the compact, or been terminated pursuant to subsection (b) of Article XII of the compact.
(9) “Coordinated licensure information system” or “coordinated database” means an integrated process for collecting, storing and sharing information on psychologists' licensure and enforcement activities related to psychology licensure laws, that is administered by the recognized membership organization composed of state and provincial psychology regulatory authorities.
(10) “Confidentiality” means the principle that data or information is not made available or disclosed to unauthorized persons or processes.
(11) “Day” means any part of a day in which psychological work is performed.
(12) “Distant state” means the compact state where a psychologist is physically present, not through the use of telecommunications technologies, to provide temporary in-person, face-to-face psychological services.
(13) “E.Passport” means the certificate issued by the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards that promotes the standardization in the criteria of interjurisdictional telepsychology practice and facilitates the process for licensed psychologists to provide telepsychological services across state lines.
(14) “Executive board” means a group of directors elected or appointed to act on behalf of, and within the powers granted to them by, the commission.
(15) “Home state” means a compact state where a psychologist is licensed to practice psychology, provided (A) if the psychologist is licensed in more than one compact state and is practicing under the Authorization to Practice Interjurisdictional Telepsychology, the home state is the compact state where the psychologist is physically present when delivering telepsychological services, and (B) if the psychologist is licensed in more than one compact state and is practicing under the temporary authorization to practice, the home state is any compact state where the psychologist is licensed.
(16) “Identity history summary” means a summary of information retained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, or said bureau's designee with similar authority, in connection with arrests and, in some instances, federal employment, naturalization, or military service.
(17) “In-person, face-to-face” (A) means interactions in which the psychologist and the client or patient are in the same physical space, and (B) does not include interactions that may occur through the use of telecommunication technologies.
(18) “IPC” means the Interjurisdictional Practice Certificate issued by the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards that grants temporary authority to practice based on notification to the state psychology regulatory authority of intention to practice temporarily, and verification of one's qualifications for such practice.
(19) “License” means authorization by a state psychology regulatory authority to engage in the independent practice of psychology, which practice would be unlawful without the authorization.
(20) “Noncompact state” means any state that is not a compact state.
(21) “Psychologist” means an individual licensed for the independent practice of psychology.
(22) “Psychology Interjurisdictional Compact Commission” or “commission” means the national administration of which all compact states are members.
(23) “Receiving state” means a compact state where the client or patient is physically located when the telepsychological services are delivered.
(24) “Rule” means a written statement by the Psychology Interjurisdictional Compact Commission promulgated pursuant to Article XI of the compact that is of general applicability, implements, interprets or prescribes a policy or provision of the compact, or an organizational, procedural or practice requirement of the commission, and has the force and effect of statutory law in a compact state, including, but not limited to, the amendment, repeal or suspension of an existing rule.
(25) “Significant investigatory information” means:
(A) Investigative information that a state psychology regulatory authority, after a preliminary inquiry that includes notification and an opportunity to respond if required by state law, has reason to believe, if proven true, would indicate more than a violation of state statute or ethics code that would be considered more substantial than minor infraction; or
(B) Investigative information that indicates that the psychologist represents an immediate threat to public health and safety regardless of whether the psychologist has been notified or had an opportunity to respond.
(26) “State” means a state, commonwealth, territory or possession of the United States, or the District of Columbia.
(27) “State psychology regulatory authority” means the board, office or other agency with the legislative mandate to license and regulate the practice of psychology.
(28) “Telepsychology” means the provision of psychological services using telecommunication technologies.
(29) “Temporary authorization to practice” means a licensed psychologist's authority to conduct temporary in-person, face-to-face practice, within the limits authorized under the compact, in another compact state.
(30) “Temporary in-person, face-to-face practice” means the practice of psychology by a psychologist who is physically present, not through the use of telecommunications technologies, in the distant state for not more than thirty days in a calendar year and based on notification to the distant state.
ARTICLE III
HOME STATE LICENSURE
(a) The home state shall be a compact state where a psychologist is licensed to practice psychology.
(b) A psychologist may hold one or more compact state licenses at a time. If the psychologist is licensed in more than one compact state, the home state is the compact state where the psychologist is physically present when the services are delivered as authorized by the authority to practice interjurisdictional telepsychology under the terms of the compact.
(c) Any compact state may require a psychologist not previously licensed in a compact state to obtain and retain a license to be authorized to practice in the compact state under circumstances not authorized by the authority to practice interjurisdictional telepsychology under the terms of the compact.
(d) Any compact state may require a psychologist to obtain and retain a license to be authorized to practice in a compact state under circumstances not authorized by a temporary authorization to practice under the terms of the compact.
(e) A home state's license authorizes a psychologist to practice in a receiving state under the authority to practice interjurisdictional telepsychology only if the compact state:
(1) Currently requires the psychologist to hold an active E.Passport;
(2) Has a mechanism in place for receiving and investigating complaints about licensed individuals;
(3) Notifies the commission, in compliance with the terms of the compact, of any adverse action or significant investigatory information regarding a licensed individual;
(4) Requires an identity history summary of all applicants at initial licensure, including, but not limited to, the use of the results of fingerprints or other biometric data checks compliant with the requirements of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, or said bureau's designee with similar authority, not later than ten years after activation of the compact; and
(5) Complies with the bylaws and rules of the commission.
(f) A home state's license grants a temporary authorization to practice to a psychologist in a distant state only if the compact state:
(1) Currently requires the psychologist to hold an active IPC;
(2) Has a mechanism in place for receiving and investigating complaints about licensed individuals;
(3) Notifies the commission, in compliance with the terms of the compact, of any adverse action or significant investigatory information regarding a licensed individual;
(4) Requires an identity history summary of all applicants at initial licensure, including, but not limited to, the use of the results of fingerprints or other biometric data checks compliant with the requirements of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, or said bureau's designee with similar authority, not later than ten years after activation of the compact; and
(5) Complies with the bylaws and rules of the commission.
ARTICLE IV
COMPACT PRIVILEGE TO PRACTICE TELEPSYCHOLOGY
(a) Compact states shall recognize the right of a psychologist, licensed in a compact state in conformance with Article III of the compact, to practice telepsychology in receiving states in which the psychologist is not licensed, under the authority to practice interjurisdictional telepsychology as provided in the compact.
(b) To exercise the authority to practice interjurisdictional telepsychology under the terms and provisions of the compact, a psychologist licensed to practice in a compact state shall:
(1) Hold a graduate degree in psychology from an institution of higher education that was, at the time the degree was awarded:
(A) Regionally accredited by an accrediting body recognized by the United States Department of Education to grant graduate degrees, or authorized by provincial statute or royal charter to grant doctoral degrees; or
(B) A foreign college or university deemed to be equivalent to an institution of higher education described in subparagraph (A) of this subdivision by a foreign credential evaluation service that is a member of the National Association of Credential Evaluation Services or by a recognized foreign credential evaluation service; and
(2) Hold a graduate degree in psychology from a psychology program that meets the following criteria:
(A) The program, wherever it may be administratively housed, shall be clearly identified and labeled as a psychology program. Such program shall specify in pertinent institutional catalogues and brochures its intent to educate and train professional psychologists;
(B) The psychology program shall stand as a recognizable, coherent, organizational entity within the institution;
(C) There shall be a clear authority and primary responsibility for the core and specialty areas whether or not the program cuts across administrative lines;
(D) The program shall consist of an integrated, organized sequence of study;
(E) There shall be an identifiable psychology faculty sufficient in size and breadth to carry out its responsibilities;
(F) The designated director of the program shall be a psychologist and a member of the core faculty;
(G) The program shall have an identifiable body of students who are matriculated in such program for a degree;
(H) The program shall include supervised practicum, internship or field training appropriate to the practice of psychology;
(I) The curriculum shall encompass a minimum of three academic years of full-time graduate study for a doctoral degree and a minimum of one academic year of full-time graduate study for a master's degree; and
(J) The program shall include an acceptable residency, as defined by the rules of the commission.
(3) Possess a current, full and unrestricted license to practice psychology in a home state that is a compact state;
(4) Have no history of adverse action that violates the rules of the commission;
(5) Have no criminal record history reported on an identity history summary that violates the rules of the commission;
(6) Possess a current, active E.Passport;
(7) Provide (A) attestations regarding areas of intended practice, conformity with standards of practice, competence in telepsychology technology, criminal background and knowledge and adherence to legal requirements in the home and receiving states, and (B) a release of information to allow for primary source verification in a manner specified by the commission; and
(8) Meet other criteria as defined by the rules of the commission.
(c) The home state maintains authority over the license of any psychologist practicing in a receiving state under the authority to practice interjurisdictional telepsychology.
(d) A psychologist practicing in a receiving state under the authority to practice interjurisdictional telepsychology shall be subject to the receiving state's scope of practice. A receiving state may, in accordance with such state's due process law, limit or revoke a psychologist's authority to practice interjurisdictional telepsychology in the receiving state and may take any other necessary actions under the receiving state's applicable law to protect the health and safety of the receiving state's citizens. If a receiving state takes action, the state shall promptly notify the home state and the commission.
(e) If a psychologist's license in any home state, another compact state or any authority to practice interjurisdictional telepsychology in any receiving state, is restricted, suspended or otherwise limited, the E.Passport shall be revoked and the psychologist shall not be eligible to practice telepsychology in a compact state under the authority to practice interjurisdictional telepsychology.
ARTICLE V
COMPACT TEMPORARY AUTHORIZATION TO PRACTICE
(a) Compact states shall recognize the right of a psychologist, licensed in a compact state in conformance with Article III of the compact, to practice temporarily in other compact states in which the psychologist is not licensed, as provided in the compact.
(b) To exercise the temporary authorization to practice under the terms and provisions of the compact, a psychologist licensed to practice in a compact state shall:
(1) Hold a graduate degree in psychology from an institution of higher education that was, at the time the degree was awarded:
(A) Regionally accredited by an accrediting body recognized by the United States Department of Education to grant graduate degrees, or authorized by provincial statute or royal charter to grant doctoral degrees; or
(B) A foreign college or university deemed to be equivalent to an institution of higher education described in subparagraph (A) of this subdivision by a foreign credential evaluation service that is a member of the National Association of Credential Evaluation Services or by a recognized foreign credential evaluation service; and
(2) Hold a graduate degree in psychology that meets the following criteria:
(A) The program, wherever it may be administratively housed, shall be clearly identified and labeled as a psychology program. Such program shall specify in pertinent institutional catalogues and brochures its intent to educate and train professional psychologists;
(B) The psychology program shall stand as a recognizable, coherent, organizational entity within the institution;
(C) There shall be a clear authority and primary responsibility for the core and specialty areas whether or not the program cuts across administrative lines;
(D) The program shall consist of an integrated, organized sequence of study;
(E) There shall be an identifiable psychology faculty sufficient in size and breadth to carry out its responsibilities;
(F) The designated director of the program shall be a psychologist and a member of the core faculty;
(G) The program shall have an identifiable body of students who are matriculated in such program for a degree;
(H) The program shall include supervised practicum, internship or field training appropriate to the practice of psychology;
(I) The curriculum shall encompass a minimum of three academic years of full-time graduate study for a doctoral degree and a minimum of one academic year of full-time graduate study for a master's degree; and
(J) The program includes an acceptable residency, as defined by the rules of the commission;
(3) Possess a current, full and unrestricted license to practice psychology in a home state that is a compact state;
(4) No history of adverse action that violates the rules of the commission;
(5) No criminal record history that violates the rules of the commission;
(6) Possess a current, active IPC;
(7) Provide attestations regarding areas of intended practice and work experience and provide a release of information to allow for primary source verification in a manner specified by the commission; and
(8) Meet other criteria, as defined by the rules of the commission.
(c) A psychologist practicing in a distant state under the temporary authorization to practice shall practice within the scope of practice authorized by the distant state.
(d) A psychologist practicing in a distant state under the temporary authorization to practice shall be subject to the distant state's authority and law. A distant state may, in accordance with such state's due process law, limit or revoke a psychologist's temporary authorization to practice in the distant state and may take any other necessary actions under the distant state's applicable law to protect the health and safety of the distant state's citizens. If a distant state takes action, the state shall promptly notify the home state and the commission.
(e) If a psychologist's license in any home state or another compact state, or any temporary authorization to practice in any distant state, is restricted, suspended or otherwise limited, the IPC shall be revoked and the psychologist shall not be eligible to practice in a compact state under the temporary authorization to practice.
ARTICLE VI
CONDITIONS OF TELEPSYCHOLOGY PRACTICE IN A RECEIVING STATE
A psychologist may practice in a receiving state under the authority to practice interjurisdictional telepsychology only in the performance of the scope of practice for psychology as assigned by an appropriate state psychology regulatory authority, as defined in the rules of the commission, and under the following circumstances:
(1) The psychologist initiates a client or patient contact in a home state via telecommunications technologies with a client or patient in a receiving state; and
(2) The psychologist complies with any other conditions regarding telepsychology that are set forth in the rules promulgated by the commission.
ARTICLE VII
ADVERSE ACTIONS
(a) A home state shall have the power to impose adverse action against a psychologist's license issued by the home state. A distant state shall have the power to take adverse action on a psychologist's temporary authorization to practice in such distant state.
(b) A receiving state may take adverse action on a psychologist's authority to practice interjurisdictional telepsychology in such receiving state. A home state may take adverse action against a psychologist based on an adverse action taken by a distant state regarding temporary in-person, face-to-face practice.
(c) If a home state takes adverse action against a psychologist's license, the psychologist's (1) authority to practice interjurisdictional telepsychology is terminated, (2) E.Passport is revoked, (3) temporary authorization to practice is terminated, and (4) IPC is revoked. All home state disciplinary orders that impose adverse action shall be reported to the commission in accordance with the rules promulgated by the commission. A compact state shall report adverse actions in accordance with the rules of the commission. If discipline is reported on a psychologist, the psychologist shall not be eligible for telepsychology or temporary in-person, face-to-face practice in accordance with the rules of the commission. Other actions may be imposed as determined by the rules promulgated by the commission.
(d) A home state's psychology regulatory authority shall investigate and take appropriate action with respect to reported inappropriate conduct engaged in by a licensee that occurred in a receiving state as it would if such conduct had occurred by a licensee in the home state. In such cases, the home state's law shall control in determining any adverse action against a psychologist's license.
(e) A distant state's psychology regulatory authority shall investigate and take appropriate action with respect to reported inappropriate conduct engaged in by a psychologist practicing under temporary authorization to practice that occurred in that distant state as it would if such conduct had occurred by a licensee within the home state. In such cases, the distant state's law shall control in determining any adverse action against a psychologist's temporary authorization to practice.
(f) Nothing in the compact shall override a compact state's decision that a psychologist's participation in an alternative program may be used in lieu of adverse action and that such participation shall remain nonpublic if required by the compact state's law. Compact states shall require psychologists who enter any alternative programs to not provide telepsychology services under the authority to practice interjurisdictional telepsychology or provide temporary psychological services under the temporary authorization to practice in any other compact state during the term of the alternative program.
(g) No other judicial or administrative remedies shall be available to a psychologist if the compact state imposes an adverse action pursuant to subsection (c) of this article.
ARTICLE VIII
ADDITIONAL AUTHORITIES INVESTED IN A COMPACT STATE'S PSYCHOLOGY REGULATORY AUTHORITY
(a) In addition to any other powers granted under state law, a compact state's psychology regulatory authority shall have the authority under the compact to do the following:
(1) Issue subpoenas, for both hearings and investigations, that require the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of evidence. Subpoenas issued by a compact state's psychology regulatory authority for the attendance and testimony of witnesses or the production of evidence from another compact state shall be enforced in the latter compact state by any court of competent jurisdiction, according to such court's practice and procedure in considering subpoenas issued in its own proceedings. The issuing state psychology regulatory authority shall pay any witness fees, travel expenses, mileage and other fees required by the service statutes of the state where the witnesses are or evidence is located; and
(2) Issue cease and desist or injunctive relief orders to revoke a psychologist's authority to practice interjurisdictional telepsychology or temporary authorization to practice.
(b) During the course of any investigation, a psychologist may not change the psychologist's home state licensure. A home state psychology regulatory authority is authorized to complete any pending investigations of a psychologist and to take any actions appropriate under its law. The home state psychology regulatory authority shall promptly report the conclusions of such investigations to the commission. Once an investigation has been completed, and pending the outcome of such investigation, the psychologist may change his or her home state licensure. The commission shall promptly notify the new home state of any such decisions as provided in the rules of the commission. All information provided to the commission or distributed by compact states pursuant to the psychologist shall be confidential, filed under seal and used for investigatory or disciplinary matters. The commission may create additional rules for mandated or discretionary sharing of information by compact states.
ARTICLE IX
COORDINATED LICENSURE INFORMATION SYSTEM
(a) The commission shall provide for the development and maintenance of a coordinated licensure information system and reporting system containing licensure and disciplinary action information on all psychologists to whom the compact is applicable in all compact states as defined by the rules of the commission.
(b) Notwithstanding any other provision of the general statutes, a compact state shall submit a uniform data set to the coordinated database on all licensees as required by the rules of the commission, including, but not limited to, the following:
(1) Identifying information;
(2) Licensure data;
(3) Significant investigatory information;
(4) Adverse actions against a psychologist's license;
(5) An indicator that a psychologist's authority to practice interjurisdictional telepsychology or temporary authorization to practice is revoked;
(6) Nonconfidential information related to alternative program participation information;
(7) Any denial of application for licensure, and the reasons for such denial; and
(8) Other information that may facilitate the administration of the compact, as determined by the rules of the commission.
(c) The coordinated database administrator shall promptly notify all compact states of any adverse action taken against, or significant investigative information on, any licensee in a compact state.
(d) Compact states reporting information to the coordinated database may designate information that may not be shared with the public without the express permission of the compact state reporting the information.
(e) Any information submitted to the coordinated database that is subsequently required to be expunged by the law of the compact state reporting the information shall be removed from the coordinated database.
ARTICLE X
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PSYCHOLOGY INTERJURISDICTIONAL COMPACT COMMISSION
(a) The compact states hereby create and establish a joint public agency known as the Psychology Interjurisdictional Compact Commission.
(1) The commission is a body politic and an instrumentality of the compact states.
(2) Venue is proper and judicial proceedings by or against the commission shall be brought solely and exclusively in a court of competent jurisdiction where the principal office of the commission is located. The commission may waive venue and jurisdictional defenses to the extent it adopts or consents to participate in alternative dispute resolution proceedings.
(3) Nothing in the compact shall be construed to be a waiver of sovereign immunity.
(b) (1) The commission shall consist of one voting representative appointed by each compact state who shall serve as such state's commissioner. The state psychology regulatory authority shall appoint its delegate. The delegate shall be empowered to act on behalf of the compact state. The delegate shall be limited to the following:
(A) An executive director, executive secretary or similar executive;
(B) A current member of the state psychology regulatory authority of a compact state; or
(C) A designee empowered with the appropriate delegate authority to act on behalf of the compact state.
(2) Any commissioner may be removed or suspended from office as provided by the law of the state from which the commissioner is appointed. Any vacancy occurring in the commission shall be filled in accordance with the laws of the compact state in which the vacancy exists.
(3) Each commissioner shall be entitled to one vote with regard to the promulgation of rules and creation of bylaws and shall otherwise have an opportunity to participate in the business and affairs of the commission. A commissioner shall vote in person or by such other means as provided in the bylaws. The bylaws may provide for commissioners' participation in meetings by telephone or other means of communication.
(4) The commission shall meet at least once during each calendar year. Additional meetings shall be held as set forth in the bylaws.
(5) All meetings shall be open to the public, and public notice of meetings shall be given in the same manner as required under the rulemaking provisions in Article XI of the compact.
(6) The commission may convene in a closed, nonpublic meeting if the commission has to discuss the following:
(A) Noncompliance of a compact state with its obligations under the compact;
(B) The employment, compensation, discipline or other personnel matters, practices or procedures related to specific employees or other matters related to the commission's internal personnel practices and procedures;
(C) Current, threatened or reasonably anticipated litigation against the commission;
(D) Negotiation of contracts for the purchase or sale of goods, services or real estate;
(E) Accusation against any person of a crime or formally censuring any person;
(F) Disclosure of trade secrets or commercial or financial information which is privileged or confidential;
(G) Disclosure of information of a personal nature where disclosure would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy;
(H) Disclosure of investigatory records compiled for law enforcement purposes;
(I) Disclosure of information related to any investigatory reports prepared by or on behalf of or for use of the commission or other committee charged with responsibility for investigation or determination of compliance issues pursuant to the compact; or
(J) Matters specifically exempted from disclosure by federal and state statute.
(7) If a meeting, or portion of a meeting, is closed pursuant to the provisions of subdivision (6) of this subsection, the commission's legal counsel or designee shall certify that the meeting may be closed and shall reference each relevant exempting provision. The commission shall keep minutes that fully and clearly describe all matters discussed in a meeting and shall provide a full and accurate summary of actions taken, of any person participating in the meeting, and the reasons therefore, including, but not limited to, a description of the views expressed. All documents considered in connection with an action shall be identified in such minutes. All minutes and documents of a closed meeting shall remain under seal, subject to release only by a majority vote of the commission or order of a court of competent jurisdiction.
(c) The commission shall, by a majority vote of the commissioners, prescribe bylaws or rules to govern its conduct as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes and exercise the powers of the compact, including, but not limited to:
(1) Establishing the fiscal year of the commission;
(2) Providing reasonable standards and procedures for the following:
(A) The establishment and meetings of other committees; and
(B) Governing any general or specific delegation of any authority or function of the commission;
(3) Providing reasonable procedures for calling and conducting meetings of the commission, ensuring reasonable advance notice of all meetings and providing an opportunity for attendance of such meetings by interested parties, with enumerated exceptions designed to protect the public's interest, the privacy of individuals at such meetings and proprietary information, including, but not limited to, trade secrets. The commission may meet in closed session only after a majority of the commissioners vote to close a meeting to the public in whole or in part. As soon as practicable, the commission shall make public a copy of the vote to close the meeting revealing the vote of each commissioner with no proxy votes allowed;
(4) Establishing the titles, duties and authority and reasonable procedures for the election of the officers of the commission;
(5) Providing reasonable standards and procedures for the establishment of the personnel policies and programs of the commission. Notwithstanding any civil service law or other similar law of any compact state, the bylaws shall exclusively govern the personnel policies and programs of the commission;
(6) Promulgating a code of ethics to address permissible and prohibited activities of commission members and employees;
(7) Providing a mechanism for concluding the operations of the commission and the equitable disposition of any surplus funds that may exist after the termination of the compact after the payment or reserving of all of its debts and obligations;
(8) The commission shall publish its bylaws in a convenient form and file a copy thereof and a copy of any amendment thereto, with the appropriate agency or officer in each of the compact states;
(9) The commission shall maintain its financial records in accordance with the bylaws; and
(10) The commission shall meet and take such actions as are consistent with the provisions of the compact and the bylaws.
(d) The commission may:
(1) Promulgate uniform rules to facilitate and coordinate implementation and administration of the compact, which rules shall have the force and effect of law and shall be binding in all compact states;
(2) Bring and prosecute legal proceedings or actions in the name of the commission, provided the standing of any state psychology regulatory authority or other regulatory body responsible for psychology licensure to sue or be sued under applicable law shall not be affected;
(3) Purchase and maintain insurance and bonds;
(4) Borrow, accept or contract for services of personnel, including, but not limited to, employees of a compact state;
(5) Hire employees, elect or appoint officers, fix compensation, define duties, grant such individuals appropriate authority to carry out the purposes of the compact and to establish the commission's personnel policies and programs relating to conflicts of interest, qualifications of personnel and other related personnel matters;
(6) Accept any appropriate donations and grants of money, equipment, supplies, materials and services and to receive, utilize and dispose of the same; provided the commission shall strive at all times to avoid any appearance of impropriety or conflict of interest;
(7) Lease, purchase, accept appropriate gifts or donations of, or otherwise own, hold, improve or use, any property, real, personal or mixed, provided the commission shall strive at all times to avoid any appearance of impropriety;
(8) Sell, convey, mortgage, pledge, lease, exchange, abandon or otherwise dispose of any property real, personal or mixed;
(9) Establish a budget and make expenditures;
(10) Borrow money;
(11) Appoint committees, including, but not limited to, advisory committees comprised of members, state regulators, state legislators or their representatives and consumer representatives, and such other interested persons as may be designated in the compact and the bylaws;
(12) Provide and receive information from, and to cooperate with, law enforcement agencies;
(13) Adopt and use an official seal; and
(14) Perform such other functions as may be necessary or appropriate to achieve the purposes of the compact consistent with the state regulation of psychology licensure, temporary in-person, face-to-face practice and telepsychology practice.
(e) (1) The elected officers shall serve as the executive board, which shall have the power to act on behalf of the commission according to the terms of the compact. The executive board shall be comprised of the following six members:
(A) Five voting members who are elected from the membership of the commission by the commission; and
(B) One ex-officio, nonvoting member from the recognized membership organization composed of state and provincial psychology regulatory authorities.
(2) The ex-officio member shall have served as staff or member on a state psychology regulatory authority and shall be selected by its respective organization.
(3) The commission may remove any member of the executive board as provided in the bylaws.
(4) The executive board shall meet at least annually.
(5) The executive board shall have the following duties and responsibilities:
(A) Recommend to the entire commission changes to the rules or bylaws, changes to the compact legislation, fees paid by compact states, including, but not limited to, annual dues, and any other applicable fees;
(B) Ensure compact administration services are appropriately provided, contractually or otherwise;
(C) Prepare and recommend the budget;
(D) Maintain financial records on behalf of the commission;
(E) Monitor compact compliance of member states and provide compliance reports to the commission;
(F) Establish additional committees as necessary; and
(G) Other duties as provided in rules or bylaws.
(f) The commission:
(1) Shall pay, or provide for the payment of the reasonable expenses of its establishment, organization and ongoing activities.
(2) May accept any and all appropriate revenue sources, donations and grants of money, equipment, supplies, materials and services.
(3) May levy on and collect an annual assessment from each compact state or impose fees on other parties to cover the cost of the operations and activities of the commission and its staff. Such assessment and fees shall be in a total amount sufficient to cover the commission's annual budget as approved each year for which revenue is not provided by other sources. The aggregate annual assessment amount shall be allocated based upon a formula to be determined by the commission. The commission shall promulgate a rule under this subdivision that is binding upon all compact states.
(4) Shall not incur obligations of any kind prior to securing the funds adequate to meet such obligations, or pledge the credit of any of the compact states, except by and with the authority of the compact state.
(5) Shall keep accurate accounts of all receipts and disbursements. The receipts and disbursements of the commission shall be subject to the audit and accounting procedures established under its bylaws. All receipts and disbursements of funds handled by the commission shall be audited yearly by a certified or licensed public accountant and the report of the audit shall be included in and become part of the annual report of the commission.
(g) (1) The members, officers, executive director, employees and representatives of the commission shall be immune from suit and liability, either personally or in their official capacity, for any claim for damage to or loss of property or personal injury or other civil liability caused by or arising out of any actual or alleged act, error or omission that occurred, or that the person against whom the claim is made had a reasonable basis for believing occurred within the scope of commission employment, duties or responsibilities, provided nothing in this subdivision shall be construed to protect any such person from suit or liability for any damage, loss, injury or liability caused by the intentional or wilful or wanton misconduct of such person.
(2) The commission shall defend any member, officer, executive director, employee or representative of the commission in any civil action seeking to impose liability arising out of any actual or alleged act, error or omission that occurred within the scope of commission employment, duties or responsibilities, or that the person against whom the claim is made had a reasonable basis for believing occurred within the scope of commission employment, duties or responsibilities, provided (A) nothing in this subdivision shall be construed to prohibit such person from retaining his or her own counsel, and (B) the actual or alleged act, error or omission did not result from such person's intentional or wilful or wanton misconduct.
(3) The commission shall indemnify and hold harmless any member, officer, executive director, employee or representative of the commission for the amount of any settlement or judgment obtained against such person arising out of any actual or alleged act, error or omission that occurred within the scope of commission employment, duties or responsibilities, or that such person had a reasonable basis for believing occurred within the scope of commission employment, duties or responsibilities, provided the actual or alleged act, error or omission did not result from the intentional or wilful or wanton misconduct of such person.
ARTICLE XI
RULEMAKING
(a) The commission shall exercise its rulemaking powers pursuant to the criteria set forth in this Article and the rules adopted thereunder. Rules and amendments shall become binding as of the date specified in each rule or amendment.
(b) If a majority of the legislatures of the compact states rejects a rule, by enactment of a statute or resolution in the same manner used to adopt the compact, then such rule shall have no further force and effect in any compact state.
(c) Rules, or amendments to the rules, shall be adopted at a regular or special meeting of the commission.
(d) Prior to promulgation and adoption of a final rule or rules by the commission, and at least sixty days prior to the scheduled date of the meeting at which the rule will be considered and voted upon, the commission shall file a notice of proposed rulemaking as follows:
(1) On the Internet web site of the commission; and
(2) On the Internet web site of each compact state's psychology regulatory authority or the publication in which each state would otherwise publish proposed rules.
(e) The notice of proposed rulemaking shall include the following:
(1) The proposed time, date and location of the meeting in which the rule will be considered and voted upon;
(2) The text of the proposed rule or amendment and the reason for the proposed rule;
(3) A request for comments on the proposed rule from any interested person; and
(4) The manner in which interested persons may submit to the commission (A) notice of their intention to attend the public hearing, and (B) written comments.
(f) Prior to adoption of a proposed rule, the commission shall allow persons to submit written data, facts, opinions and arguments, which shall be made available to the public.
(g) The commission shall grant an opportunity for a public hearing before it adopts a rule or amendment if a hearing is requested by the following:
(1) At least twenty-five persons who submit written comments independently of each other;
(2) A governmental subdivision or agency; or
(3) A duly appointed person in an association that has at least twenty-five members.
(h) If a hearing is held on the proposed rule or amendment, the commission shall publish the location, time and date of the scheduled public hearing.
(1) All persons wishing to be heard at the hearing shall notify the executive director of the commission or other designated member in writing of their desire to appear and testify at the hearing not less than five business days prior to the scheduled date of the hearing.
(2) Hearings shall be conducted in a manner providing each person who wishes to comment a fair and reasonable opportunity to comment orally or in writing.
(3) No transcript of the hearing is required, unless a written request for a transcript is made, in which case the person requesting the transcript shall bear the cost of producing the transcript. A recording may be made in lieu of a transcript under the same terms and conditions as a transcript. The provisions of this subdivision shall not preclude the commission from making a transcript or recording of the hearing if it so chooses.
(4) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed as requiring a separate hearing on each rule. Rules may be grouped for the convenience of the commission at hearings required under this subsection.
(i) Following the scheduled hearing date, or by the close of business on the scheduled hearing date if the hearing was not held, the commission shall consider all written and oral comments received.
(j) The commission shall, by majority vote of all members, take final action on the proposed rule and shall determine the effective date of the rule, if any, based on the rulemaking record and the full text of the rule.
(k) If no written notice of intent to attend the public hearing by interested parties is received, the commission may proceed with promulgation of the proposed rule without a public hearing.
(l) Upon determination that an emergency exists, the commission may consider and adopt an emergency rule without prior notice, opportunity for comment or hearing, provided the usual rulemaking procedures described in the compact and in this subsection shall be retroactively applied to the rule as soon as reasonably possible, in no event later than ninety days after the effective date of the rule. For the purposes of this subsection, “emergency rule” means a rule that shall be adopted immediately in order to:
(1) Meet an imminent threat to public health, safety or welfare;
(2) Prevent a loss of commission or compact state funds;
(3) Meet a deadline for the promulgation of an administrative rule that is established by federal law or rule; or
(4) Protect public health and safety.
(m) The commission, or an authorized committee of the commission, may direct revisions to a previously adopted rule or amendment for purposes of correcting typographical errors, errors in format, errors in consistency or grammatical errors. Public notice of any revisions shall be posted on the Internet web site of the commission. The revision shall be subject to challenge by any person for a period of thirty days after posting. The revision may be challenged only on grounds that the revision results in a material change to a rule. A challenge shall be made in writing, and delivered to the chair of the commission prior to the end of the notice period. If no challenge is made, the revision shall take effect without further action. If the revision is challenged, the revision may not take effect without the approval of the commission.
ARTICLE XII
OVERSIGHT, DISPUTE RESOLUTION AND ENFORCEMENT
(a) (1) The executive, legislative and judicial branches of state government in each compact state shall enforce the compact and take all actions necessary and appropriate to effectuate the compact's purposes and intent. The provisions of the compact and the rules promulgated under the compact shall have standing as statutory law.
(2) All courts shall take judicial notice of the compact and the rules in any judicial or administrative proceeding in a compact state pertaining to the subject matter of the compact that may affect the powers, responsibilities or actions of the commission.
(3) The commission shall be entitled to receive service of process in any such proceeding, and shall have standing to intervene in such proceeding for all purposes. Failure to provide service of process to the commission shall render a judgment or order void as to the commission, the compact or promulgated rules.
(b) (1) If the commission determines that a compact state has defaulted in the performance of its obligations or responsibilities under the compact or the promulgated rules, the commission shall perform the following actions:
(A) Provide written notice to the defaulting state and other compact states of the nature of the default, the proposed means of remedying the default or any other action to be taken by the commission; and
(B) Provide remedial training and specific technical assistance regarding the default.
(2) If a state in default fails to remedy the default, the defaulting state may be terminated from the compact upon an affirmative vote of a majority of the compact states, and all rights, privileges and benefits conferred by the compact shall be terminated on the effective date of termination of the defaulting state. A remedy of the default does not relieve the offending state of obligations or liabilities incurred during the period of default.
(3) Termination of membership in the compact shall be imposed only after all other means of securing compliance have been exhausted. Notice of intent to suspend or terminate shall be submitted by the commission to the governor, the majority and minority leaders of the defaulting state's legislature, and each of the compact states.
(4) A compact state that has been terminated shall be responsible for all assessments, obligations and liabilities incurred through the effective date of termination, including, but not limited to, obligations that extend beyond the effective date of termination.
(5) The commission shall not bear any costs incurred by the state that is found to be in default or that has been terminated from the compact, unless agreed upon in writing between the commission and the defaulting state.
(6) The defaulting state may appeal the action of the commission by petitioning the United States District Court for the State of Georgia or the federal district where the compact has its principal offices. The prevailing member shall be awarded all costs of such litigation, including, but not limited to, reasonable attorney's fees.
(c) (1) Upon request by a compact state, the commission shall attempt to resolve disputes related to the compact that arise among compact states and between compact and noncompact states.
(2) The commission shall promulgate a rule providing for both mediation and binding dispute resolution for disputes that arise before the commission.
(d) (1) The commission, in the reasonable exercise of its discretion, shall enforce the provisions and rules of the compact.
(2) By majority vote, the commission may initiate legal action in the United States District Court for the State of Georgia or the federal district where the compact has its principal offices against a compact state in default to enforce compliance with the provisions of the compact and its promulgated rules and bylaws. The relief sought may include both injunctive relief and damages. In the event judicial enforcement is necessary, the prevailing member shall be awarded all costs of such litigation, including, but not limited to, reasonable attorney's fees.
(3) The remedies set forth in the compact shall not be the exclusive remedies of the commission. The commission may pursue any other remedies available under federal or state law.
ARTICLE XIII
DATE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PSYCHOLOGY INTERJURISDICTIONAL COMPACT COMMISSION AND ASSOCIATED RULES, WITHDRAWAL AND AMENDMENTS
(a) The compact shall come into effect on the date on which the compact is enacted into law in the seventh compact state. The provisions that become effective at such time shall be limited to the powers granted to the commission relating to assembly and the promulgation of rules. Thereafter, the commission shall meet and exercise rulemaking powers necessary to the implementation and administration of the compact.
(b) Any state that joins the compact subsequent to the commission's initial adoption of the rules shall be subject to the rules as they exist on the date on which the compact becomes law in such state. Any rule that has been previously adopted by the commission shall have the full force and effect of law on the day the compact becomes law in such state.
(c) Any compact state may withdraw from the compact by enacting a statute repealing the same.
(1) A compact state's withdrawal shall not take effect until six months after enactment of the repealing statute.
(2) Withdrawal shall not affect the continuing requirement of the withdrawing state's psychology regulatory authority to comply with the investigative and adverse action reporting requirements set forth in Article VII of this section prior to the effective date of withdrawal.
(d) Nothing contained in the compact shall be construed to invalidate or prevent any psychology licensure agreement or other cooperative arrangement between a compact state and a noncompact state that does not conflict with the provisions of the compact.
(e) The compact may be amended by the compact states. No amendment to the compact shall become effective and binding upon any compact state until it is enacted into the law of all compact states.
ARTICLE XIV
CONSTRUCTION AND SEVERABILITY
The compact shall be liberally construed so as to effectuate the purposes thereof. If the compact is held contrary to the constitution of any state member of the compact, the compact shall remain in full force and effect as to the remaining compact states.”
(P.A. 22-81, S. 42.)
| (Return to Chapter Table of Contents) |
(Return to List of Chapters) |
(Return to List of Titles) |
Sec. 20-188. Examination; qualifications. Before granting a license to a psychologist, the department shall, except as provided in section 20-190, require any applicant therefor to pass an examination in psychology prescribed by the department with the advice and consent of the board. Each applicant shall pay a fee of five hundred sixty-five dollars, and shall satisfy the department that such applicant: (1) Has received the doctoral degree based on a program of studies whose content was primarily psychological from an educational institution approved in accordance with section 20-189; and (2) has had at least one year's experience that meets the requirements established in regulations adopted by the department, in consultation with the board, in accordance with the provisions of chapter 54. The department shall establish a passing score with the consent of the board. Any certificate granted by the board of examiners prior to June 24, 1969, shall be deemed a valid license permitting continuance of profession subject to the provisions of this chapter. An applicant who is licensed or certified as a psychologist in another state, territory or commonwealth of the United States may substitute two years of licensed or certified work experience in the practice of psychology, as defined in section 20-187a, in lieu of the requirements of subdivision (2) of this section.
(1949 Rev., S. 4635; 1957, P.A. 269, S. 4; 1959, P.A. 616, S. 57; 1969, P.A. 597, S. 4; June, 1971, P.A. 8, S. 64; 1972, P.A. 127, S. 42; P.A. 77-614, S. 428, 610; P.A. 80-484, S. 70, 174, 176; P.A. 81-471, S. 40, 71; P.A. 89-251, S. 101, 203; P.A. 93-381, S. 9, 39; P.A. 95-125, S. 1, 6; 95-257, S. 12, 21, 58; P.A. 08-184, S. 41; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-3, S. 210; P.A. 14-231, S. 34.)
History: 1959 act increased application fee from $15 to $50, deleting stipulation that fee be nonreturnable and eliminated $10 examination fee; 1969 act substituted “license” for “certificate”, deleted reference to repealed Sec. 20-191, required in Subdiv. (c) that doctoral degree be in area of psychology in which applicant intends to practice and in Subdiv. (d) that experience be postdoctoral and in the area in which applicant intends to practice, rephrased provision re verification of residency, added requirement for verification of area of psychology and revised validation of previously issued licenses, changing date from May 15, 1957, to June 24, 1969, and adding “permitting continuance of profession subject to the provisions of this chapter”; 1971 act raised application fee from $50 to $150; 1972 act required applicant to be at least 18 rather than 21, reflecting changed age of majority; P.A. 77-614 required consent of health services commissioner for examinations and specified that actual administering and grading of examinations be by health services department rather than by board, effective January 1, 1979; P.A. 80-484 essentially transferred remaining duties of board to health services department, retaining board in an advisory capacity, added provision for establishment of passing scores and revised applicant's qualifications provisions to delete minimum age and residency requirement and requirements that applicant be of good moral character and not have failed examination within previous six months; P.A. 81-471 reduced fee for applicants for licensure without examination to $100 from former level of $150 and eliminated requirement that doctoral degree and/or postdoctoral experience be in the area of psychology which applicant intends to practice; P.A. 89-251 increased the application fee from $150 to $450, except applicants' fee for licensure under Sec. 20-190 increased from $100 to $120; P.A. 93-381 replaced department of health services with department of public health and addiction services, effective July 1, 1993; P.A. 95-125 deleted reference to the fee for a license under Sec. 20-190, effective June 7, 1995; P.A. 95-257 replaced Commissioner and Department of Public Health and Addiction Services with Commissioner and Department of Public Health, effective July 1, 1995; P.A. 08-184 deleted requirement that examination be given at time and place prescribed by department, deleted provision re examination being administered to applicants by department under supervision of board and provision requiring “postdoctoral” experience, replaced provision re good faith intent to practice psychology with provision re experience meeting requirements established by department in consultation with board, deleted provisions that required department to grade examinations and provide graded papers to unsuccessful candidates and made technical changes; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-3 increased fee from $450 to $565; P.A. 14-231 added provision re applicant licensed or certified as a psychologist in another state, territory or commonwealth may substitute work experience and made a technical change.
| (Return to Chapter Table of Contents) |
(Return to List of Chapters) |
(Return to List of Titles) |
Sec. 20-189. Graduation from approved education program required. Applicants shall graduate from an education program approved by the board with the consent of the Commissioner of Public Health.
(1949 Rev., S. 4634; 1969, P.A. 597, S. 5; P.A. 77-614, S. 302, 610; P.A. 81-471, S. 41, 71; P.A. 93-381, S. 9, 39; P.A. 95-257, S. 12, 21, 58.)
History: 1969 act substituted “license” for “certificate”; P.A. 77-614 replaced secretary of the state board of education with commissioner of education, effective January 1, 1979; P.A. 81-471 eliminated registration of educational institutions and added new provision requiring that applicants graduate from approved education programs; P.A. 93-381 replaced commissioner of health services with commissioner of public health and addiction services, effective July 1, 1993; P.A. 95-257 replaced Commissioner and Department of Public Health and Addiction Services with Commissioner and Department of Public Health, effective July 1, 1995.
| (Return to Chapter Table of Contents) |
(Return to List of Chapters) |
(Return to List of Titles) |
Sec. 20-190. Licensure by endorsement. Waiver of examination. Fee. An applicant for licensure by endorsement shall present evidence satisfactory to the Department of Public Health that the applicant is a currently practicing, competent practitioner and who at the time of application is licensed or certified by a similar board of another state whose standards, in the opinion of the department, are substantially similar to, or higher than, those of this state, or that the applicant holds a current certificate of professional qualification in psychology from the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards. The department may waive the examination for any person holding a diploma from a nationally recognized board or agency approved by the department, with the consent of the board of examiners. The department may require such applicant to provide satisfactory evidence that the applicant understands Connecticut laws and regulations relating to the practice of psychology. The fee for such license shall be five hundred sixty-five dollars. No license shall be issued under this section to any applicant against whom professional disciplinary action is pending or who is the subject of an unresolved complaint. The department shall inform the board annually of the number of applications it receives for licensure by endorsement under this section.
(1949 Rev., S. 4636; 1957, P.A. 269, S. 5; 1969, P.A. 597, S. 6; June, 1971, P.A. 8, S. 65; P.A. 80-484, S. 71, 176; P.A. 81-471, S. 42, 71; P.A. 88-357, S. 9; P.A. 89-91, S. 1, 3; 89-251, S. 102, 203; P.A. 93-381, S. 9, 39; P.A. 95-125, S. 2, 6; 95-257, S. 12, 21, 58; P.A. 01-86; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-3, S. 211.)
History: 1969 act substituted “license” for “certificate”, deleted provision allowing waiver of examination for person who has been practicing in another state for at least three years and who convinces board that granting him a license would be in the public interest and added proviso re verification of area of psychology in which applicant intends to practice; 1971 act imposed license fee of $100; P.A. 80-484 transferred licensing power from board to health services department, allowed waiver of examination only for “currently practicing competent” practitioners, rephrased provision re standards of other states and added provisions prohibiting licensure of person involved in disciplinary action or unresolved complaint and requiring notification of board of number of applications received; P.A. 81-471 eliminated requirement that applicants verify the area of psychology in which they intend to practice; P.A. 88-357 added requirement that the department be satisfied that the applicant or person understands Connecticut laws and regulations relating to the practice of psychology; P.A. 89-91 changed “shall” to “may” regarding the waiving of the examination for persons holding a diploma from a nationally recognized board or agency and changed approved by the “board of examiners” to “department, with the consent of the board of examiners”; P.A. 89-251 raised license fee from $100 to $300; P.A. 93-381 replaced department of health services with department of public health and addiction services, effective July 1, 1993; P.A. 95-125 changed the license fee from $300 to $450, effective June 7, 1995; P.A. 95-257 replaced Commissioner and Department of Public Health and Addiction Services with Commissioner and Department of Public Health, effective July 1, 1995; P.A. 01-86 replaced provision re granting a license without examination with provisions re licensure by endorsement, deleted provisions re satisfaction of department, added provision re holding certificate of professional qualification from the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards and added provision authorizing department to require satisfactory evidence of the applicant's understanding of state law re the practice of psychology; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-3 increased fee from $450 to $565.
| (Return to Chapter Table of Contents) |
(Return to List of Chapters) |
(Return to List of Titles) |
Sec. 20-191. Certification without examination of applicants with three years' experience. Section 20-191 is repealed.
(1957, P.A. 269, S. 10; 1969, P.A. 597, S. 14.)
| (Return to Chapter Table of Contents) |
(Return to List of Chapters) |
(Return to List of Titles) |
Sec. 20-191a. Renewal of license. Each license issued under this chapter shall be renewed annually in accordance with the provisions of section 19a-88. Thirty days prior to the expiration date of each license under section 19a-88, the department shall mail to the last-known address of each licensed psychologist an application for renewal in such form as said department determines. Each such application, on or before such expiration date, shall be returned to said department, together with a fee of the professional services fee for class I, as defined in section 33-182l, plus five dollars and the department shall thereupon issue a renewal license. In the event of failure of a psychologist to apply for such renewal license by such expiration date, such psychologist may so apply subject to the provisions of subsection (b) of section 19a-88.
(1959, P.A. 654, S. 1; 1969, P.A. 597, S. 7; June, 1971, P.A. 8, S. 66; 1972, P.A. 223, S. 10; P.A. 80-484, S. 72, 176; P.A. 81-471, S. 43, 71; P.A. 89-251, S. 103, 203; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-16, S. 47, 89; P.A. 15-244, S. 121; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 15-5, S. 474.)
History: 1969 act replaced “certificate” and “certified” with “license” and “licensed”, required that applications for renewal contain provision for verification of psychologists' areas of practice and required that published roster contain indication of psychologists' areas of practice; 1971 act increased renewal fee from $5 to $50, increased additional charge for late renewals up to December first from $1 to $5 per month and increased penalty charged for renewals after December first from $1 to $10 for each month of delay, deleting obsolete maximum penalty charge of $5; 1972 act revised provisions to reflect change from biennial to annual renewal and halved the renewal fee; P.A. 80-484 required that renewals accord with provisions of Sec. 19-45 as of January 1, 1981, deleting references to October first renewal dates, to penalties and charges for late renewals and to publication of roster of psychologists and transferred license renewal powers from board to department of health services; P.A. 81-471 eliminated requirement that application include provision for verification of area of psychology in which applicant is practicing and deleted reference to July first as date by which department is to send out applications for renewal; P.A. 89-251 increased the application fee from $25 to $75; May Sp. Sess. 92-16 replaced license renewal fee of $75 with fee equaling professional service fee class I established pursuant to Sec. 33-182l; P.A. 15-244 increased fee for renewal by $5 and made technical changes, effective July 1, 2015; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 15-5 changed effective date of P.A. 15-244, S. 121, from July 1, 2015, to October 1, 2015, and applicable to the renewal of a license or certificate that expires on or after that date, effective June 30, 2015.
| (Return to Chapter Table of Contents) |
(Return to List of Chapters) |
(Return to List of Titles) |
Sec. 20-191b. Fees for lost license and verifying licensure. Section 20-191b is repealed, effective June 7, 1995.
(1959, P.A. 654, S. 2; 1969, P.A. 597, S. 8; P.A. 95-125, S. 5, 6.)
| (Return to Chapter Table of Contents) |
(Return to List of Chapters) |
(Return to List of Titles) |
Sec. 20-191c. Continuing education. (a) Except as provided in subsection (e) of this section, for registration periods beginning on and after October 1, 2014, each psychologist licensed in accordance with this chapter shall complete a minimum of ten hours of continuing education during each registration period. For purposes of this section, “registration period” means the twelve-month period for which a license has been renewed in accordance with the provisions of section 19a-88 and is current and valid.
(b) Qualifying continuing education activities shall be related to the practice of psychology and shall include courses, seminars, workshops, conferences and postdoctoral institutes offered or approved by: (1) The American Psychological Association; (2) a regionally accredited institution of higher education graduate program; (3) a nationally recognized provider of continuing education seminars; (4) the Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services; or (5) a behavioral science organization that is professionally or scientifically recognized. Not more than five continuing education units during each registration period shall be completed via asynchronous online education, distance learning or home study. Not less than five continuing education units shall be earned through synchronous online education. On and after January 1, 2016, qualifying continuing education activities shall include not less than two contact hours of training or education during the first renewal period in which continuing education is required and not less than once every six years thereafter on the topic of mental health conditions common to veterans and family members of veterans, including (A) determining whether a patient is a veteran or family member of a veteran, (B) screening for conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder, risk of suicide, depression and grief, and (C) suicide prevention training. Qualifying continuing education activities may include a licensee's research-based presentation at a professional conference, provided not more than five continuing education units during each registration period shall be completed by such activities. A licensee who has earned a diploma from the American Board of Professional Psychology during the registration period may substitute the diploma for continuing education requirements for such registration period. For purposes of this section, “continuing education unit” means fifty to sixty minutes of participation in accredited continuing professional education. For the purposes of this subsection, “synchronous online education” means live online classes that are conducted in real time and “asynchronous online education” means a program where the instructor, learner and other participants are not engaged in the learning process at the same time, there is no real-time interaction between participants and instructors and the educational content is created and made available for later consumption.
(c) Each licensee shall obtain a certificate of completion from a provider of continuing education for all continuing education activities that are successfully completed and shall retain such certificate for not less than three years after the license renewal date for which the continuing education activity was completed. Upon the request of the Commissioner of Public Health a licensee shall submit such certificate to the Department of Public Health. A licensee who fails to comply with the continuing education requirements prescribed in this section may be subject to disciplinary action pursuant to section 20-192.
(d) A licensee applying for license renewal for the first time shall be exempt from the continuing education requirements under subsection (a) of this section. In individual cases involving medical disability or illness, the Commissioner of Public Health may grant a waiver of the continuing education requirements or an extension of time within which to fulfill the continuing education requirements of this section to any licensee, provided the licensee submits to the department an application for waiver or extension of time on a form prescribed by the commissioner, along with a certification by a licensed physician, a licensed physician assistant or a licensed advanced practice registered nurse of the disability or illness and such other documentation as may be required by the commissioner. The commissioner may grant a waiver or extension for a period not to exceed one registration period, except the commissioner may grant additional waivers or extensions if the medical disability or illness upon which a waiver or extension is granted continues beyond the period of the waiver or extension and the licensee applies for an additional waiver or extension. The commissioner may grant a waiver of the continuing education requirements to a licensee who is not engaged in active professional practice, in any form, during a registration period, provided the licensee submits a notarized application on a form prescribed by the commissioner prior to the end of the registration period. A licensee who is granted a waiver under the provisions of this subsection may not engage in professional practice until the licensee has met the continuing education requirements of this section.
(e) Any licensee granted a waiver of the continuing education requirements pursuant to the provisions of subsection (d) of this section shall be required to complete five hours of continuing education not later than six months after the date on which such licensee returns to active practice. In addition, such licensee shall comply with the certificate of completion requirements prescribed in subsection (c) of this section.
(f) Any licensee whose license has become void pursuant to section 19a-88 for one year or more and who applies to the department for reinstatement of such license pursuant to section 19a-14 shall submit with such application evidence documenting that such applicant has successfully completed ten hours of continuing education within the one-year period immediately preceding the date of application for reinstatement.
(g) The commissioner may accept continuing education activities completed by a licensee in another state or country to meet the requirements of this section.
(P.A. 14-231, S. 56; P.A. 15-242, S. 62; P.A. 16-39, S. 37; P.A. 21-196, S. 43; P.A. 22-58, S. 35.)
History: P.A. 15-242 amended Subsec. (b) by adding provisions re training or education on topic of mental health conditions common to veterans and family members of veterans; P.A. 16-39 amended Subsec. (d) by adding reference to licensed advanced practice registered nurse; P.A. 21-196 amended Subsec. (d) by adding reference to licensed physician assistant; P.A. 22-58 amended Subsec. (b) by replacing “the Internet” with “asynchronous online education”, adding provision re not less than 5 continuing education units be earned through synchronous online education, and defining “synchronous online education” and “asynchronous online education”, effective July 1, 2022.
| (Return to Chapter Table of Contents) |
(Return to List of Chapters) |
(Return to List of Titles) |
Sec. 20-192. Disciplinary action; grounds; appeals. The board may take any action set forth in section 19a-17, if the license holder: Has been convicted of a felony; has been found by the board to have employed fraud or deceit in obtaining his license or in the course of any professional activity, to have violated any provision of this chapter or any regulation adopted hereunder or to have acted negligently, incompetently or wrongfully in the conduct of his profession; practiced in an area of psychology for which he is not qualified; is suffering from physical or mental illness, emotional disorder or loss of motor skill, including but not limited to, deterioration through the aging process or is suffering from the abuse or excessive use of drugs, including alcohol, narcotics or chemicals. The Commissioner of Public Health may order a license holder to submit to a reasonable physical or mental examination if his physical or mental capacity to practice safely is the subject of an investigation. Said commissioner may petition the superior court for the judicial district of Hartford to enforce such order or any action taken pursuant to section 19a-17. Notice of any contemplated action under said section, of the cause therefor and the date of hearing thereon shall be given and an opportunity for hearing afforded as provided in the regulations adopted by the Commissioner of Public Health. The Attorney General shall, upon request, furnish legal assistance to the board. Any person aggrieved by any action of the board may appeal therefrom as provided in section 4-183, except such appeal shall be made returnable to the judicial district where he resides. Such appeal shall have precedence over nonprivileged cases in respect to order of trial.
(1949 Rev., S. 4637; 1957, P.A. 269, S. 6; 1969, P.A. 597, S. 9; 1971, P.A. 870, S. 62; P.A. 76-436, S. 426, 681; P.A. 77-603, S. 72, 125; 77-614, S. 429, 610; P.A. 78-280, S. 43, 44, 127; P.A. 80-484, S. 73, 176; P.A. 88-230, S. 1, 12; P.A. 90-98, S. 1, 2; P.A. 93-142, S. 4, 7, 8; 93-381, S. 9, 39; P.A. 95-220, S. 4–6; 95-257, S. 12, 21, 58; P.A. 96-47, S. 9.)
History: 1969 act substituted “license” for “certificate”, raised maximum suspension period from one to three years and allowed suspension or revocation of license of psychologist for practice in an area of psychology for which he is not qualified; 1971 act replaced superior court with court of common pleas, effective September 1, 1971, except that courts with cases pending retain jurisdiction unless pending matters deemed transferable; P.A. 76-436 replaced court of common pleas with superior court and added reference to judicial districts, effective July 1, 1978; P.A. 77-603 replaced previous appeal provisions with statement that appeals shall be in accordance with Sec. 4-183, retaining provision granting appeals precedence in order of trial and specifying venue in county of residence; P.A. 77-614 allowed suspension or revocation of license for violation of chapter or related regulations, replaced detailed provisions re hearing procedure with reference to hearing procedure in regulations adopted by health services commissioner and deleted provisions concerning venue and precedence in order of trial for appeals, effective January 1, 1979; P.A. 78-280 restored venue and precedence in order of trial provisions; P.A. 80-484 expanded disciplinary actions to include those in Sec. 19-4s, revised grounds to include fraud or deceit “in the course of any professional activity” and acting “incompetently”, added grounds re physical or mental illness, emotional disorder etc. and drug or alcohol abuse etc., added provisions re mental or physical examination and re petitions to court for enforcement of orders or actions and deleted provision re procedure for reinstatement of license following three-year revocation; P.A. 88-230 replaced “judicial district of Hartford-New Britain” with “judicial district of Hartford”, effective September 1, 1991; P.A. 90-98 changed the effective date of P.A. 88-230 from September 1, 1991, to September 1, 1993; P.A. 93-142 changed the effective date of P.A. 88-230 from September 1, 1993, to September 1, 1996, effective June 14, 1993; P.A. 93-381 replaced commissioner of health services with commissioner of public health and addiction services, effective July 1, 1993; P.A. 95-220 changed the effective date of P.A. 88-230 from September 1, 1996, to September 1, 1998, effective July 1, 1995; P.A. 95-257 replaced Commissioner and Department of Public Health and Addiction Services with Commissioner and Department of Public Health, effective July 1, 1995; P.A. 96-47 made no substantive change (Revisor's note: The word “or” was added editorially by the Revisors after “hereunder” in the phrase “... or any regulation adopted hereunder or to have acted negligently, ...”).
| (Return to Chapter Table of Contents) |
(Return to List of Chapters) |
(Return to List of Titles) |
Sec. 20-193. False representation. Penalties. Any person not licensed as provided in this chapter who, except as provided in section 20-195, represents himself as a psychologist or, having had his license suspended or revoked continues to represent himself as a psychologist, or carries on the practice of psychology as defined in sections 20-187a and 20-188, shall be guilty of a class D felony. Each instance of patient contact or consultation which is in violation of this section shall be deemed a separate offense. Failure to renew a license in a timely manner shall not constitute a violation for the purposes of this section. Any such person shall be enjoined from such practice by the Superior Court upon application by the board. The Department of Public Health may, on its own initiative or at the request of the board, investigate any alleged violation of the provisions of this chapter or any regulations adopted hereunder.
(1949 Rev., S. 4638; 1957, P.A. 269, S. 1, 8; 624, S. 1; 1969, P.A. 597, S. 10; P.A. 77-614, S. 430, 610; P.A. 84-526, S. 13; P.A. 93-381, S. 9, 39; P.A. 95-257, S. 12, 21, 58; P.A. 13-258, S. 82.)
History: 1969 act substituted “licensed” and “license” for “certified” and “certificate”, made provisions applicable on or after January 1, 1970, forbade carrying on the practice of psychology rather than rendering “service for remuneration ... under any title or description of services incorporating the words ‘psychologist’, ‘psychological’ or ‘psychology’” and added provision re enjoining psychologist from practice by superior court on board's application; P.A. 77-614 transferred investigation power from board to health services department acting on its initiative or at board's request and added reference to violation of regulations, effective January 1, 1979; P.A. 84-526 amended section by changing penalty for violation of any provision of chapter to a fine of not more than $500 or imprisonment of not more than five years, and added provisions that each instance of patient contact or consultation shall constitute a separate offense and failure to renew license in timely manner is not a violation for purposes of section; P.A. 93-381 replaced department of health services with department of public health and addiction services, effective July 1, 1993; P.A. 95-257 replaced Commissioner and Department of Public Health and Addiction Services with Commissioner and Department of Public Health, effective July 1, 1995; P.A. 13-258 changed penalty from fine of not more than $500 or imprisonment of not more than 5 years to a class D felony and made a technical change.
| (Return to Chapter Table of Contents) |
(Return to List of Chapters) |
(Return to List of Titles) |
Sec. 20-194. Right to practice medicine not granted. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to grant to licensed psychologists the right to practice medicine as defined in section 20-9.
(1957, P.A. 269, S. 7; 1969, P.A. 597, S. 11.)
History: 1969 act substituted “licensed” for “certified”.
| (Return to Chapter Table of Contents) |
(Return to List of Chapters) |
(Return to List of Titles) |
Sec. 20-194a. Hospital or health care facility staff privileges allowed. Any hospital or health care facility may allow a psychologist, licensed pursuant to this chapter, full staff privileges in accordance with the standards of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations if the criteria that has been set forth by the hospital or health care facility is met.
(P.A. 95-271, S. 36.)
| (Return to Chapter Table of Contents) |
(Return to List of Chapters) |
(Return to List of Titles) |
Sec. 20-195. Exempted activities and employment. (a) Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to limit the activities and services of a graduate student, intern or resident in psychology, pursuing a course of study in an educational institution under the provisions of section 20-189, if such activities constitute a part of a supervised course of study. No license as a psychologist shall be required of a person holding a doctoral degree based on a program of studies whose content was primarily psychological from an educational institution approved under the provisions of section 20-189, provided (1) such activities and services are necessary to satisfy the work experience as required by section 20-188, and (2) not later than two years after completion of such work experience, the exemption from the licensure requirement shall cease if the person did not successfully complete the licensing examination, as required under section 20-188. The provisions of this chapter shall not apply to any person in the salaried employ of any person, firm, corporation, educational institution or governmental agency when acting within the person's own organization. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prevent the giving of accurate information concerning education and experience by any person in any application for employment. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prevent physicians, optometrists, chiropractors, members of the clergy, attorneys-at-law or social workers from doing work of a psychological nature consistent with accepted standards in their respective professions.
(b) Nothing in this chapter shall prevent any person holding a certificate as school psychologist or school psychological examiner, granted by the State Board of Education, from using such title to describe his activities within an elementary or secondary school. Nothing in this chapter shall prevent any person who holds a standard or professional educator certificate, granted by said board, as school psychologist or school psychological examiner from using such title to describe his activities within the private sector. Such activities within the private sector shall be limited to: (1) Evaluation, diagnosis, or test interpretation limited to assessment of intellectual ability, learning patterns, achievement, motivation, or personality factors directly related to learning problems in an educational setting; (2) short-term professional advisement and interpretive services with children or adults for amelioration or prevention of educationally-related problems; (3) educational or vocational consultation or direct educational services to schools, agencies, organizations or individuals, said consultation being directly related to learning problems; and (4) development of educational programs such as designing more efficient and psychologically sound classroom situations and acting as a catalyst for teacher involvement in adaptations and innovations. Section 10-145b and regulations adopted by the State Board of Education concerning revocation of a standard or professional educator certificate shall apply to a school psychologist or school psychological examiner who uses such title to describe activities within the private sector.
(c) Nothing in this chapter shall prevent any person employed by the state prior to July 1, 1985, with a title in the psychology series of the classified service from using a title in such series to describe his or her duties in the course of his or her employment with the state. The provisions of section 20-187a shall not apply to any person employed in such psychology series prior to July 1, 1985.
(1957, P.A. 269, S. 1, 9; 624, S. 1; 1969, P.A. 597, S. 12; P.A. 81-198; P.A. 85-613, S. 138, 154; P.A. 98-252, S. 36, 80; P.A. 99-102, S. 30; P.A. 04-221, S. 11; P.A. 08-184, S. 42; P.A. 17-146, S. 9; P.A. 18-168, S. 42.)
History: 1969 act deleted exemption to chapter's provisions previously allowed to nonresident psychologists temporarily employed in state under certain conditions, extended exemption to include persons employed by educational institutions, referred to “elementary or secondary” schools rather than “public” schools, deleted provision protecting firm's or corporation's right to use titles in Sec. 20-193 if certified by nationally recognized board or agency approved by board of examiners and added provision protecting right of physicians, osteopaths, etc. from “doing work of a psychological nature” consistent with accepted standards in their respective professions; P.A. 81-198 placed provisions re use of titles by school psychologists and school psychological examiners in new Subsec. (b) and added provisions re use of titles in connection with activities in the private sector; P.A. 85-613 added Subsec. (c) re employment by state prior to July 1, 1985, of persons in psychology series of classified service and nonapplicability of Sec. 20-187a to such persons; P.A. 98-252 amended Subsec. (b) to add references to professional educator certificates and to make a technical change, effective July 1, 1998; P.A. 99-102 amended Subsec. (a) by deleting obsolete reference to osteopaths and making technical changes; P.A. 04-221 amended Subsec. (a) by allowing postdoctoral candidate to perform certain activities without a license; P.A. 08-184 amended Subsec. (a) by deleting “registered” re educational institutions and by eliminating “postdoctoral” re required work experience; P.A. 17-146 amended Subsec. (a) by designating provisions re activities and services necessary to satisfy work experience as Subdiv. (1), and adding Subdiv. (2) re exemption from licensure requirement to cease upon notification; P.A. 18-168 amended Subsec. (a)(2) by adding “not later than two years after completion of such work experience,”, making a technical change and deleting “, or one year after completion of such work experience, whichever occurs first”.
| (Return to Chapter Table of Contents) |
(Return to List of Chapters) |
(Return to List of Titles) |